William Moraley Biography

William Moraley always viewed the British colonies using a poor labourer’s perspective. He lived between 1698 and 1762. Moraley left England at the age of twenty years and moved to America as an indentured servant. This was after a short law apprenticeship.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on William Moraley Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The experiences Moraley went through frustrated him greatly. Therefore, after he was through with the final indenture, he passed via the middle colonies and went back to England. This happened in 1734. Nine years later, Moraley published a memoir, which was referred to as The Infortunate. Life for the Poor Free Workers and Bound Servants in the Colonies In the 1600s, a majority of the bonded labourers who occupied the British interior settlements were white Europeans as opposed to black Africans. The occupants were mostly poor males and females who had moved from England. Moreover, they had contracts to work in the colonies for a number of years. In return, they would be granted free passageway to America, basic necessities, and clothing. The British colonies’ occupants were viewed as indentured servants. This implies that they had minimal freedoms while attending to their masters. After fulfilling the 4- 7 years contract, they were set free. The enslaved Africans were not granted such contracts. The number of enslaved Africans increased during the 1700s when British America required more labourers[1]. Intensive labour was necessary to clear the massive lands, which were over- grown with wood for decades. It is worth noting that cultivating such land called for difficult labour. Therefore, many English servants were employed to improve the lands. The servants were offered huge immunities and after their servitude was over, they were enticed by being given land. This ensured that they stayed for longer. In addition, they were obligate d to bring in large numbers of African Negro slaves. This ensured that they were made the richest farmers globally. The Negroes were subjected to severe laws. My take is that no single law favoured the unhappy Wretches. Committing the least mistake made someone a victim of severe punishment. The masters made amends where the slaves were permitted to marry. This was a strategy of ensuring that the slaves did not run away.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If a Negro died while being punished, the master was not subjected to any punishment. There was no law that protected the slaves from being murdered. In case a Negro killed another slave, he was supposed to pay the slave’s value to his master. Moreover, he was obligated to pay his master for the losses he would undergo for losing the slave. The slaves were given pieces of land, which they were supposed to improve. They were also ex posed to hard labour for an entire week. Only Sunday was free for the slaves to work for themselves. On Sundays, the slaves had to sell grain and corn so as to get money for purchase the basic necessities. The master’s wife had the obligation of taking care of the slave’s children. The slaves were never left free for the fear that they would end up being burdensome to the provinces. There was a law that no master was supposed to emancipate any of his slaves. The slaves’ indentures originated from England. Therefore, their living conditions were extremely difficult. Upon arrival, the slaves were provided with the necessities stipulated in the indentures. Some of the provisions included drinks, meat, and attire. However, the masters failed to fulfil their responsibility regarding these provisions. People who traced those trying to escape were rewarded greatly. Written and printed advertisements were made everywhere, which implied that the escaping slaves could not go far without being traced[2]. Hot pursuits prevented people from trying to escape. On return, they were required to serve for longer periods. It is worth pointing out that Moraley also signed an indenture. A majority of the indentured slaves in the 18th century were young teenagers who lacked occupational skills. In my view, there are a number of factors that compel people to move from one place to another. Push factors constitute of politics, warfare, finances, social nonconformity, religion, criminality, alienation, indebtedness, and family challenges. On the other hand, pull factors include finances, employment chances, land accessibility, and escape from individual challenges. To ensure that there was no interruption from the female slaves, an indenture’s period was lengthened in case she became pregnant. The law permitted sale and purchase of servant’s contracts. This means that labour rights changed hands. However, the person was still a piece of property.Adve rtising We will write a custom essay sample on William Moraley Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prosperity Difficulties The Negroes were allowed by their masters to marry. This ensured that they had no chance of running away. The implication of the marriage was that all generations were slaves, and there was redemption. Therefore, prosperity was extremely difficult. Running away from the colonies would have been useful in enhancing prosperity. However, an individual who was caught trying to escape was exposed to extremely grave punishments such as unmerciful whipping. Bibliography Hollitz, John. Contending Voices: Biographical Explorations of the American Past. New York: Pantheon Books, 2011. Klepp, Susan E., and Billy Smith. The Infortunate: The Voyage and Adventures of William Moraley, an Indentured Servant. New York: Knopf, 2005. Footnotes John Hollitz, Contending Voices: Biographical Explorations of the American Pa st (New York: Pantheon Books, 2011), 45. Susan E. Klepp and Billy Smith, The Infortunate: The Voyage and Adventures of William Moraley, an Indentured Servant (New York: Knopf, 2005), 45. This essay on William Moraley Biography was written and submitted by user Emmett Hewitt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Skills Essays

Skills Essays Skills Essay Skills Essay ScientifIc, psychologists ate among the least likely to believe in physics palmistry astrology and other paranormal phenomena. Why might that be? Scientific psychologist believes In total science, they believe that anything happen Is have a clientele phenomena, which cant be explain by palmistry and astrology. Those are mere prediction of future without having any valid ground to support their prediction which irrelevant in the eye of science. 3. Why is the scientific method described as a cycle rather than as a simple six step process? The scientific method has evolved, over many centuries, to ensure that scientists make meaningful discoveries, founded upon logic and reason rather than emotion. 5. Which modern methods of examining how the brain influences behavior are noninvasive? Pharmacological methods are non-invasive and can, therefore, be used to study the human brain. Medicines known as antagonists and Zionists are given to the patient to either increase or reduce the effects of neurotransmitters Page 59. Naming that scientists were able to identify pacific genes linked to serious criminal behavior, and It was possible to remove or redesign these genes. Would you be In favor of this type of gene manipulation? Why or Why not I now see genetic engineering the same way. God gave us the knowledge to help or heal ourselves. Ergo it isnt playing God It Is utilizing his gifts to help ourselves. So, the next time you think you wouldnt do something because that would be playing God, think about it when you are ill or sick in any amount, then take a long look at that medicine you so badly want to take.. Page 429. Have you ever changed a strongly held attitude? What caused the changed for you ? Yes when I was in the Navy I had to realize that I needed a change on the way I look at things. The reason why is that I had the wrong outlook on life because I was in my own head and I really realized that I had to changed my attitude on life so that I could succeed How do Amalgams result particularly the finding that the remoteness of the victim affected obedience related to some aspects of modern warfare? We are more willing to attack other countries If we are all nice and safe In our own country and all we have to do Is push a button that sends a missile to the enemy. It would be harder for us to bomb the same town if we were there and we saw the children and families that would be killed by the attack. Have you ever done something in a group that you would not have done if you were alone? What happened ? How did you feel ? What have you learned from this chapter that might help you avoid this behavior in the future? I didnt go all out on the guy because there was six of us and only one of him.

Comparative Politics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Politics - Research Paper Example Democracy can be perceived as equality and liberty. A democratic nation is liberal thereby allowing its citizens to have the power to rule it, to be equal before the law and have equal access to the law. Elections are periodically held to choose representatives for the governmental body that will exercise its supreme power. The distinctive principles of democracy include freedom of speech, press and political expression. Sovereignty, on the other hand, refers to a body that has independent power over people. A sovereign state can be regarded as having absolute authority of lawmaking (Almond et al. 101-120). Russia for a long time had been ruled by the Soviet Union using communism which attained its downfall in 1991. Thereafter, the United Russia party led by Russian Executive President Vladimir Putin introduced sovereign democracy in the Russian regime. However, the "sovereign democracy" practiced in Russian does not emanate democratic principles, a fact that has placed Vladimir Putin's political program under constant criticism (Almond et al. 355). According to Economist Intelligent Unit, the United Russian presidential political party aims at increasing its power of the international exchange system. The party intends to strengthen its powers to control the economic, political and administrative structure. The Russian doctrine of "sovereign democracy" emanates principles that are in contrast with democratic principles such as restrictions in the mass media and citizen's freedom (Almond et al. 356). The Russian democracy can, therefore, be viewed as managed democracy because the Russian political system is strictly supervised and regulated thereby denying Russian citizens freedom of expressing their political will. Although this fact is highly denied by the Russian authority for instance Vladislav Surkov who is the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Presidential Executive Office and advisor of the president as he provides analytical and organizational information which is crucial to the president insists that the Russian political system is governed by sovereign democracy (Almond et al. 356). According to the Russian doctrine of Sovereign democracy, no one can make attest to owning or having power over the Russian nation as explained in the Russian constitution. However, critically looking at the idea imposed by the Russian constitution the concept behind sovereign democracy can be viewed as nationalism. Russia perceives its state to be more superior than other states, therefore, it is ready to impose radical political force over other states if it senses any signs of threat. This means that Russia is a powerful nation which is not ready to be influenced by global monopolies or dictatorship (Almond et al. 362-370).Therefore, Russia can be perceived as indirectly opposing worldwide globalization which is encouraged by the western countries especially the United States. However, according to Surkov, the doctrine of Russian sovereign democracy aims at first prioritizing the interests of the country. This can be depicted in the economic, social and cultural success that the country has gained in global politics. Russia has managed to restore its governance in the Chechen Republic.

Max Scheler Theory of Values Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Max Scheler Theory of Values - Research Paper Example This is the second highest ranked value that encourages truth among people. Here, the truth is the positive value, which is crucial among all people while falsehood is a disvalue. Individuals will be at liberty to choose either, but it is better to choose to be truthful than the opposite. This value encourages people to treat others with respect and nobility. By so doing, there will be more good than evil in the society. Being vulgar on the other end is a negative value that leads to negativity in the society. These values directly relate to the feeling of human being. Many individuals choose to offer pleasure to others, which is a positive value as compared to causing pain on others. Individuals are encouraged to avoid causing pain on others. These values provide comfort to human beings and enable them to live in harmony. This is the lowest ranked value of Scheler. Individuals are at liberty to choose what they want, though it encourages choosing what is agreeable to others rather than the disagreeable. According to Scheler (1987), people can be said to be good if they decide to choose the positive values over the negative values, regardless of the situation at hand. There can be no measure to rank individuals as good or bad when they alternate good and bad behaviour, therefore individuals should always choose to do

Ban Texting While Driving Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ban Texting While Driving - Research Paper Example Many policy makers claim texting on cell phone drifts the attention of the driver from the road since at least one hand or eye must be used to compose the text message, read the message or send a message on cell phone (MacKinnon 295). Virginia Tech Transportation Institute and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) found out that driver inattention is responsible for about 30 percent of road crashes in the State (Pittman 73). Ban on texting while driving should be implemented across all States to control road accidents. Talking on cell phones (hand-held) is currently banned in 10 states that include Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, Washington, Oregon, New York, Delaware, California, Connecticut and West Virginia, and the District of Columbia (Flynn 156). The use of cell phone by novice drivers is restricted in more than 30 states while text messaging while driving is restricted in 39 states including District of Columbia. School bus drivers are banned from texting while driving in Texas, Oklahoma and Mississippi while novice drivers are banned from texting in New Mexico, Missouri and Texas. The ban on texting is enforced under secondary laws in other states whereby the law enforcement officers will have other reasons for stopping motor vehicles before charging the driver for use of cell phones. Arkansas has a primary law that has banned drivers between the age of 18 years to 21 from using hand-held devices while driving through highways or school zones while Illinois has banned drivers in construction zones or school speed zones from using hand-held devices. However, California has exempted use voice activated and hands-free cell phones while Illinois provides exemptions to drivers who text to communicate an emergency situation to emergency personnel. â€Å"Motorists who use cell phones while driving are four times likely to cause accidents and injuries according to Insurance Institute for Highway Safety† (Flynn

The Well Meadows Hospital Management System

The Well Meadows Hospital Management System This document describes an online management system for a small hospital named as wellmeadows. This system creates online data storage for all the information related to the proceedings of the hospital and hence making the information available as well as more reliable to the users. The information becomes easily accessible as well as more secure with the system being secured by user credentials. The hospitals current functionality is based on a register based system that involves the maintaining of every transaction, records of patients, doctors, nurses in huge files that are stored in hospitals store room. It is not only difficult to search for certain information but also very difficult to maintain historical data. The old files are prone to get damaged and it is very difficult to manage this huge collection of documents and keep it organized. The new system is based on a database management system that allows secure, easy and reliable storage of data and retrieval is also very easy. In the old system, a user needed to know in which register particular information is stored but in the new system a user has a graphical interface, where he can simply search for the information by doing some clicks and selecting the correct options (Liang 2010). The ease in accessing information not only improves the information management but also impacts the day to day activities of the hospital. It reduces the delay in information retrieval and the delay in providing necessary treatment to the patients as per their historic records is also reduced that will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the treatment (Prokosch Dudeck 1995). Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions This document is meant for the users of the system i.e. the administrators and staff of the wellmeadows hospital. This document explains the system design and its usage and not meant for external users. This document not only guides the user how to operate the system but also tells how to use the system efficiently to match with requirements of the user and let him take the profit out of it. This document will also help the developers in the situation where modifications are required in the system. Project Scope The project currently is limited to the internal use of the hospital and is simply meant to store and provide useful information. The system doesnt generate any information or predictions of its own. The system will be helpful in better management of the hospital and will provide all the information in an organized manner. This project is not meant for users outside the hospital and will not allow any person outside the hospital to see the internal and personal information of the people connected to the system. The system will keep the information secure and will keep it limited to people with proper access only. Overall Description Product Perspective This product is a change of methodology for the hospitals and firstly, it will be implemented in the Wellmeadows hospital. There are several similar systems in other big hospitals but this system is designed to meet the cost and utility requirements of the small hospital. This product is an evolutionary product that will be improved in the future and more functionality will be added to it. Product Features The product is useful to the hospital in a number of ways as it provides following features to the hospital:- Easy, storage and retrieval of all patients information that not only helps to maintain track record but also helps the doctors as they can know the treatment history of the patients. Store the entire information about doctors that allow the hospital to decide, which patient will be treated by which doctor. This product not only helps in providing better treatment to the patients but also helps in building trust with patients. It also helps to know about the doctors, who are preferred by patients (Sumathi Esakkirajan 2007). Storage of staffs information that helps in smooth running of the hospital. Storage of all drugs used in the hospital and all drugs being prescribed to the patients that allows more control over the quality of drugs used. It also ensures uniformity among various doctors and to maintain the stock of drugs as per their requirements (Sumathi Esakkirajan 2007). User Classes and Characteristics The system will be used by internal users only and will be accessible to outside users in a limited form. Following are the users of the system: Hospital receptionists: The hospital receptionist will act as system administrators and will make all the entries in the system. They will have access to all the information in system and will take control of the normal proceedings of the hospital. Receptionists will register the patients, allocate staff to various wards, give appointments to patients and will maintain the central stock of medicines and drugs. Charge Nurses: The charge nurses will manipulate the information related to their specific ward and will be able to see all patients information in their ward and provide medication accordingly. They will also be able to see which staff is on duty in their ward and also will be able to see the stock of medicines in their ward. Consultants: The consultants will able to see the patients information and the list of appointments that have been allocated to them. The will be also able to see the wards in which they are assigned duties and will also be able to prescribe medicines to their patients. Patients: Patients will be able to see the appointments they have in the hospital and will be able to see the medicines that have been prescribed to them from the system. Operating Environment The system will be a web based system and can be accessed within and outside the hospital through a link over hospitals website. The users will login the system using a username and password that will be provided to them by the system administrator and the system will be independent of the operating system. Assumptions and Dependencies The system assumes that the information being added to the system is correct and authenticated. It is also assumed that the username and password will be kept secret and will not be shared with anyone. The users will be themselves responsible for losing passwords. This system doesnt include a mailing feature and hence the user should not lose their passwords in any case. The passwords will have to be reset by the database administrator only. System Flow A data flow diagram as its name suggests represents the flow of data in any system. There is a huge flow of data and information in any information system. This flow is analyzed with the help of data flow diagrams. Data flow diagrams can be used for visualization of data processing. On a DFD, data items flow from an external data source or an internal data store to an internal data store or an external data sink via an internal process (Calmet Pfalzgraf 1996). A data flow diagram is composed of several components: Entities: Entities are the sources of information in any system. These entities are the external sources of information in any system. It is very important to mention all the entities in a system. This ensures the proper flow of information in a system. These also act as external sinks for the system (Dennis, Wixom Roth 2006). Database or data store: A database stores the information in any system. These act as internal data sources for a system. It stores the information from one process and provides information to other processes. It also acts as internal sinks in the system. Processes: A process is a function performed by the system. Each process helps to access the information from database or an entity and provide the information back to the entity or database (Dennis, Wixom Roth 2006). The DFDs are represented in several levels. With increase in each level the details in the diagram also increased. Level-0 would contain minimum details, while level 1 would contain more details than level 0 and so on. This section explains flow of the system, how the system operates and its functionalities with the help of data flow diagrams. The level of details increases with each diagram. The system at the highest level is nothing but a hospital management system; the inner details are not specified in the data flow diagram level-0 (Johns 2002). Here is the zero level data flow diagram (DFD level: 0) The above diagram shows the four entities that will be involved in the system- patients, doctors, hospital staff and nurses. These are the four main sources of information in the system. As the system is broken down into several modules, these entities match up their desired roles (Johns 2002). This breakdown gives us the exact information about the operations performed by the system and the entities involved in each operation. (DFD level:1) In the DFD level -1, the system is divided into three major domains namely patient management system, stock management system and staff management system. Patient management system is related to patients that includes two types of patients- inpatients and outpatients. Inpatients are those, which get admitted in the hospital and stay there while the outpatients take appointments and visit the hospital at given date and time (Johns 2002). The second major section of the system is stock management system. In this, the requirements of the hospital are analyzed and accomplished such as clinical and non clinical requirements like drugs, bandages and other requirements. This part also maintains the division of these items among various wards and among various departments of the hospital. The third section of the system is about the staff allocation system that ensures that all staff is being assigned proper duties and each wards getting proper number of employees and nurses for its daily operations and also for emergency situations. It also ensures that the consultants are visiting the wards on time and each patient is getting proper attention. External Interface Requirements User Interfaces The user interface is simply a web interface, which is presented to the user through a web browser. This allows user to enter data and select from various drop down menus. These drop down menus show the content read from the database. By simply clicking to submit buttons, user can save data into database. The user interfaces will also implement checks for null values being entered into database (Galitz 2009). It displays the format for date values to be entered, but doesnt validate them. If there is any error in entering any values to the database, the system generates the error message and asks the user to retry. This helps the user to be ensured that the values have been entered and hence a consistency in the system is maintained (Galitz 2009). Hardware Interfaces As the system is a web based system, the website will be hosted on a central server machine with other machines getting access to it through the network. The other machines could be simple computers or especially dedicated machines that provide access only to the content. For our current implementation, we will rely on general desktop systems. Communications Interfaces The system uses HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) for sending and receiving data over the internet (Groth, Skandier, Lammle Tedder 2005). When the system is used within the hospital, it is presented on same network hence its generally faster as the server is also located within the hospital, but outside the hospital the system is accessible via internet and hence a domain is needed to be registered with the DNS servers hosted at the ISP. Data Model This section explains the data model used for the system. The section begins with recognizing all the entities to be used in the system and their relationships and then converting those entities and relations to tables. These tables will be normalized to 3NF form. This section captures the cardinality and referential integrity rules needed to ensure that the data is of good quality for the users. The main aim of data models is to support the development of information systems by providing the definition and format of data. Entity-relationship model The E-R (entity-relationship) data model views the real world as a set of basic objects (entities) and relationships among these objects (Bai 2010). It is intended primarily for the DB design process by allowing the specification of an enterprise scheme. If the information system, being designed, is based on a database then the conceptual data model will later be mapped on to a logical data model, which in turn will be mapped on to a physical model during the physical design process (Bai 2010). The E-R diagram shows all objects involved in the system as entities and the function among them as relationships. Here is a description of entities used in our system:- Entity: An entity is nothing but an object that exists and is distinguishable from other objects. Entities could be concrete such as a person or it could be an abstract entity that is nothing but a concept (Stallings 2008). An entity could also be considered as a source of information for the system. There are following entities in well meadows:- Doctor or consultant (concrete) Change nurse (concrete) Patients (concrete) Wards (abstract) Drugs (concrete) Administrator (concrete) Staff (concrete) Qualification (abstract) Inpatient (concrete) Outpatient (concrete) Attributes: Attributes are unique qualities that can be possessed by both relationships and entities. Attributes are represented by ovals that are connected to the entity sets that possess them by a line. With the exception of weak entities, all entities have to a minimum amount of attributes. These make up the primary key of the entity (Stallings 2008). Following are the attributes of the various entities described above:- Doctor: id, name, address, telephone, duty shift, date of birth Change nurse: id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, ward allocated. Patients: id, name, address, telephone, date of birth Ward : ward_num, ward_name, location, in charge nurse, number of beds Drugs: id, name, type, dosage, methodology, price, stock Administrator:- username, password, name, address, telephone, date of birth Staff: id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, ward allocated. Qualification:- institution name, qualification name Inpatient:- id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, date of admit, expected stay, expected date of leaving, actual date of leaving Outpatient: id, name, address, telephone, date of birth, date of appointment, consultant name, location, time of appointment. Here is an entity relationship diagram for the given system:- (Entity Relationship Digram) The patients are categorized into inpatients and outpatients as explained above while the staff has two categories doctors and nurses. The remaining staff is covered under staff itself. Wards are there in the hospital that is controlled by the nurses while drugs are referred by the doctors and they are taken by the patients. Both the inpatients and outpatients are treated by the doctors, while inpatients have a separate relationship with wards that they are admitted to it. Database design and normalization Normalization can be defined as the process in which data is taken from problem and reduced to a set of relations through data integrity and elimination of data redundancy (Gunderloy Jorden 2008). Data integrity: The data in the database is consistent and satisfies the all integrity constraints. Data redundancy Data redundancy incurs if it is found in two different locations (direct redundancy). At the same time the calculation of data from other items (indirect redundancy) also creates redundancy (Oppel 2004). First normalized form: The multi valued attributes are removed that facilitate a single value at the intersection of each row and column in a table. Second Normal form: In second normal form, all the non key attributes must be dependent on complete primary key and not on a single part of primary key. Third normal form: In a third normal form, all the non keys are determined only by the primary keys (Oppel 2004). Boyce-Codd normal form: The anomalies have been removed that resulted from the functional dependancies (Gunderloy Jorden 2008). The normalized schemas of the tables used in our database are given below:- Drug drug_ID drug_name description dosage method Stock Reorder cost Patient patient_id First Name Last name Address telephone Date of birth Sex Marital status Date of registration Staff Staff_id First Name Last name Address telephone position Inpatient id Patient_id Ward number Bed number Date placed Expected Stay Expected Date of leaving Actual date of leaving Ward Ward number Name location extension Charge nurse id(staff.staff id) Outpatient id patient id Consultant id Date Time location Qualification id Staff_id Type Institution Completion date Weekly allocation Ward number Staff id shift date Prescription Patient_id drug_id Start Date Units per day End date Database implementation The database defined above needs to be implemented over a database system. We use a relational database management system as our designs are based on relational model. Considering the requirements of hospital that are not very large, we can use an open source, free of cost database management system named as MySQL. MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. It works on most of the available operating systems and is generally the most popular choice for implementing small database applications. It also has a plug-in named as phpmyadmin that provides a GUI access to the database (Lambrix 2010). Here are the implementations of SQLs for the database:- phpMyAdmin SQL Dump version 3.2.4 http://www.phpmyadmin.net Host: localhost Generation Time: Dec 12, 2010 at 08:58 AM Server version: 5.1.41 PHP Version: 5.3.1 SET SQL_MODE=NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO; /*!40101 SET @[emailprotected]@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET @[emailprotected]@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET @[emailprotected]@COLLATION_CONNECTION */; /*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */; Database: `hospital` Table structure for table `drug` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `drug` ( `drug_num` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `description` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `dosage` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `method` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `stock` int(11) NOT NULL, `reorder` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `cost` decimal(10,0) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`drug_num`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; Dumping data for table `drug` Table structure for table `inpatient` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `inpatient` ( `inpatient_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `patient_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `expected_stay` int(11) NOT NULL, `date_placed` date NOT NULL, `date_leave` date DEFAULT NULL, `actual_leave` date DEFAULT NULL, `ward_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `bed_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `spouse_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`inpatient_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ; Dumping data for table `inpatient` INSERT INTO `inpatient` (`inpatient_id`, `patient_id`, `expected_stay`, `date_placed`, `date_leave`, `actual_leave`, `ward_num`, `bed_num`, `spouse_id`) VALUES (1, 1, 5, 2010-08-12, 0000-00-00, 0000-00-00, 1, 45, 0); Table structure for table `outpatient` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `outpatient` ( `appointment_num` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `consultant_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `patient_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `date` date NOT NULL, `time` time NOT NULL, `location` varchar(100) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`appointment_num`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; Dumping data for table `outpatient` Table structure for table `patient` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `patient` ( `patient_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `firstname` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `lastname` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `address` varchar(500) NOT NULL, `tel` varchar(20) NOT NULL, `dob` date NOT NULL, `sex` varchar(10) NOT NULL, `mar_status` varchar(20) NOT NULL, `reg_date` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, PRIMARY KEY (`patient_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=3 ; Dumping data for table `patient` INSERT INTO `patient` (`patient_id`, `firstname`, `lastname`, `address`, `tel`, `dob`, `sex`, `mar_status`, `reg_date`) VALUES (1, yash, yash, yash, 7799, 0000-00-00, Male, UnMarried, 2010-12-08 00:03:10); Table structure for table `prescription` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `prescription` ( `prescription_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `patent_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `drug_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `units per day` int(11) NOT NULL, `startdate` date NOT NULL, `enddate` date NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`prescription_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; Dumping data for table `prescription` Table structure for table `qualification` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `qualification` ( `q_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `staff_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `type` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `institution` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `date` date NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`q_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; Dumping data for table `qualification` Table structure for table `requets` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `requets` ( `request_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `ward_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `drug_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `quantity` int(11) NOT NULL, `date` date NOT NULL, `processed` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, `process_date` date DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`request_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ; Dumping data for table `requets` Table structure for table `staff` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `staff` ( `staff_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `firstname` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `lastname` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `address` varchar(500) NOT NULL, `sex` varchar(10) NOT NULL, `dob` date NOT NULL, `tel` varchar(20) NOT NULL, `position` varchar(50) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`staff_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=4 ; Dumping data for table `staff` INSERT INTO `staff` (`staff_id`, `firstname`, `lastname`, `address`, `sex`, `dob`, `tel`, `position`) VALUES (1, abcd, pqrs, asasd, Male, 0000-00-00, 123123, Charge Nurse); Table structure for table `staffhier` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `staffhier` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `description` varchar(100) NOT NULL ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; Dumping data for table `staffhier` INSERT INTO `staffhier` (`id`, `description`) VALUES (1, consultant), (2, Charge Nurse), (3, physiotherapist), (4, nurse); Table structure for table `tblusers` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tblusers` ( `username` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `password` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `wrong_count` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, PRIMARY KEY (`username`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; Dumping data for table `tblusers` INSERT INTO `tblusers` (`username`, `password`, `name`, `wrong_count`) VALUES (admin, 123456, administrator, 1); Table structure for table `ward` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ward` ( `ward_num` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `ward_name` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `location` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `ext` int(11) NOT NULL, `num_beds` int(11) NOT NULL, `nurse_id` int(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`ward_num`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ; Dumping data for table `ward` INSERT INTO `ward` (`ward_num`, `ward_name`, `location`, `ext`, `num_beds`, `nurse_id`) VALUES (1, ank, asasd, 6666, 3, 1); Table structure for table `weeklyallocation` CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `weeklyallocation` ( `allocation_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `staff_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `ward_num` int(11) NOT NULL, `shift` varchar(50) NOT NULL, `startdate` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, PRIMARY KEY (`allocation_id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=4 ; Dumping data for table `weeklyallocation` INSERT INTO `weeklyallocation` (`allocation_id`, `staff_id`, `ward_num`, `shift`, `startdate`) VALUES (1, 1, 1, EARLY, 2010-12-07 18:52:40), (2, 1, 1, NIGHT, 2010-12-07 23:33:40), (3, 0, 1, , 2010-12-08 00:05:25); /*!40101 SET [emailprotected]_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */; /*!40101 SET [emailprotected]_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */; /*!40101 SET [emailprotected]_COLLATION_CONNECTION */; This script will create the database and will make few entries in the tables as well. The username and passwords are stored in a table named as tblUsers. The admin password is also stored in the same table. This is the dump of the database exported by using phpmyadmin. Same script can be executed using the tool or also can be imported using the import option in phpmyadmin (Lambrix 2010). This will setup the database and the application can now be configured. System implementation The software package we choose for this system is XAMPP. Xampp is a software package that is used for hosting websites and the combination of four software packages namely php, apache, mysql and phpmyadmin. Xampp is a simple program that can be run on any machine; it does not require any specific hardware. Xampp is free software and it is available for various operating systems such as Linux, Windows, Mac OS, and Solaris etc. The programs sets up a mysql server on the system as well as an apache web server on the machine. The package also configures php for the machine and also provides phpmyadmin for managing the mysql database (Newman Thomas 2008). Xampp provides a root directory named as htdocs that works for the web server. Xampp is the easiest way to host a website. Xampp is very easy to install and uninstall as compared to the separate installation and configuration of the services it provides. Xampp also includes support for filezilla, mercury etc. Developers Xampp is open source software developed by www.apachefriends.com. Apache friends were founded in 2002 by Oswald and Kay. Oswald is their webmaster, while Kay is the maintainer of apache for windows. Apache friends have Xampp as their only project (Newman Thomas 2008). There are no new projects till date. The software package is available through Sourceforge that hosted the download files on their website www.sourceforge.net and made this whole project possible. Benefits Xampp has several benefits that make web hosting easy. These are as below: It is available in many languages such as English, Dutch, Italian, French, Portuguese and Chinese etc. It makes database management very easy with support of phpmydmin. The sup

Religion in American Film Essay -- Essays Papers

Religion in American Film American’s nation-wide did a disbelieving double take when they were heard that Jim Carrey was going to be playing the role of God in Universal Pictures summer 2001 movie Bruce Almighty. Millions of American’s have found themselves near-obsessed with the engrossing epic Lord of the Rings, Dogma has been welcomed into the Cult Films Hall of Fame, and Mel Gibson’s The Passion stirred an overwhelming amount of religious, cultural, and ethnic criticism. When looking at the recent array of films that either present or suggest religious themes – whether it be allegorically, evangelically, or satirically – we find ourselves asking the question â€Å"why now?† Is the reason for this upsurge sociological, psychological, philosophical, or historical? Is there perhaps a political or economic reason as to why American’s today are so eagerly consuming films that are looking at the timeless battle between good & evil, questioning organized belief s ystems, or presenting religion in new and contemporary ways? From critical analysis and research done on this subject, as well as much pondering and theorizing, it could be said that the question of â€Å"why now† is more philosophical, and value oriented, than anything else. The religious content that is present in modern American films is indicative of a more general discussion & questioning of values and resonates with the post-modern, religiously pluralistic mindset that American’s have come to embody. It is a common mis-conception that films are merely entertainment, and serve no other purpose than to provide for the viewer a two-hour escape from reality. This is a serious under-estimation of the power, purpose, and potential of film, because film, upon reflection, revea... ...garet R. Seeing and Believing: Religion and Values in the Movies. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996. Johnston, Robert K. Reel Spirituality: Theology and Film in Dialogue. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2000. Stone, Bryan P. Faith and Film: Theological Themes at the Cinema. St.Louis: Chalice Press, 2000. Valenti, F. Miguel. More Than a Movie : Ethics in Entertainment. Colorado: Westview Press, 2000 Detweiler, Craig, and Barry Taylor. A Matrix of Meanings: Finding God in Pop Culture. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2003. Putnam, Robert D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000 http://www.hollywoodjesus.com/bruce_almighty.htm For the purposes of this study, it is helpful to look specifically at the way in which Christ and Christianity are being presented, through the various methods, in contemporary film.

Etourism – “Global Distribution Systems †Going, Going, Gone”

Global Distribution Systems – Going, Going, Gone? | Table of Contents Introduction:2 Timeline3 Airline Reservation System3 Computer Reservation Systems (CRS)3 Global Distribution Systems (GDS)4 Who uses GDSs? 5 GDS – Through the years:5 The Future of GDS:6 What should they do? 6 What is the role of the global distribution system in today’s travel agencies? 6 The Internet7 Conclusion8 References9 Books:9 Articles:9 Websites:9 Introduction: GDS – Going, going, gone? Well, certainly Global Distribution Systems have been going for a while but are they yet gone?This paper is on the history, present time and the questionable future of Global Distribution System (GDS). Firstly I go through each stage of their timeline: – Airline Reservation Systems began in the 1960s and is a computerized system is designed to control flight inventory, maintain flight schedules, seat assignments and aircraft loading. It’s used to store and retrieve information and c arry out transactions associated to any air travel. The modern airline reservation system is comprehensive suite of products to provide a system that assists with a variety of airline management tasks and ervice customer needs from the time of initial reservation through completion of the flight. – Computer Reservations Systems (CRS) began in the 1970s. These types of systems charge other travel suppliers for the right to market their products and services through these systems. ‘The computer reservation systems are completely keyboard driven and you must learn the formats in order to operate it efficiently. The web based booking engines are the point and click environment. ’ Travel Agent Training Centre, (2011). Global Distribution Systems (GDS) began in the 1980s and refer to the booking tool travel agents use when making an air, hotel, car or other travel service booking. They provide pricing, availability and reservation functionality to many online travel ag encies. There are currently four major GDS systems: 1. Amadeus 2. Galileo 3. Sabre 4. Worldspan Hotel-ICT, (2011) – The Internet has become the main sales channel and customer interface for low-cost airlines because of its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Timeline The timeline stages of CRS/GDS according to Werthner & Klein (1999), is as follows: ———————————————— Time1965197519851995 SystemAirline ReservationCRSGDS Global Travel & FocusSystem Tourism Information Airline Reservation System Airline Reservation System was one of the earliest modifications to improve on efficiency. It’s a moderately simple standalone system that controls flight inventory, maintains flight schedules, seat assignments and aircraft loading. ‘It provides a system that assists with a variety of airline management tasks and service customer needs from the time of initia l reservation through completion of the flight. Videcom, (2006). ARS contain airline schedules, fare tariffs, passenger reservations and ticket records. Airline Reservations Systems sooner or later evolved into Computer Reservation Systems (CRS). Computer Reservation Systems (CRS) ‘A Computer Reservation System (CRS) is a computerized system for saving and retrieving information when needed related to air travel. CRS were created and used by airlines and at a later point they were finally used in tourism intermediaries like travel agencies. ’ marcelvacek. logspot (2010)   An airline's direct distribution works within their own reservation system, as well as pushing out information to the GDS. The second type of direct distribution channels are consumers who use the internet or mobile applications to make their own reservations. Travel agencies and other indirect distribution channels access the same GDS as those accessed by the airlines' reservation systems Well known CRS operations that book and sell tickets for multiple airlines are known as global distribution systems (GDS).Airlines have separated most of their direct holdings to devoted GDS companies, who make their systems available to consumers through Internet gateways. Modern GDSs naturally allow consumers to book hotel rooms and rental cars as well as airline tickets. As well they provide access to railway reservations in some markets although these are not always integrated with the main system. CRS and GDS seem to have the same functions but the major difference between these two systems is that CRS only provide information about airlines whereas by using GDS you can reserve a ticket, a room in a hotel and also a rental car.This is why they are called Global Distribution Systems because you can use GDS to reserve basically everything. Global Distribution Systems (GDS) ‘The term GDS (Global Distribution System) describes a network of one or more CRS for distributing product offer s and functionalities of the participating networks in different countries of the world. In addition to the airline product also other products such as accommodation, car rentals, cruises, or tour operator products are included. Werthner & Klein (1999) Today the travel marketplace is a global arena with hundreds of thousands of buyers (travel agents) and sellers (hotels, resorts, airlines, car rental companies) working together to reserve and deliver the services to the buyer – the traveller. Increasingly Global Distribution System is known for a Global Electronic System, which connects users and suppliers. GDS offer instant access to the supplier's information (i. e. hotels) with immediate function. Many main web portals are also associated to  GDS, including Expedia. com, Orbitz. om, Travelocity. com and priceline. com to name a few. For many years the GDSs had a dominant position in the travel industry. To bypass the GDS and avoid high GDS fees, airlines have started to distribute flights directly from their websites. Another possibility to bypass the GDS is direct connections to the Travel Agencies. According to ITSA there are currently four main GDS companies in operation, these are Amadeus, Galileo, Sabre and Worldspan. These are by far the most used systems, comprising the vast majority of the global bookings in the GDS industry. The Global Distribution Systems (GDSs), a development from the Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs), were for a long time the most important distribution channel for airlines. They were effectively developed as travel supermarkets in the pre-Internet era and their primary objective was to connect travel agencies with airlines (Buhalis, 2004). GDSs are still a vital element in the light of the huge variety of tariffs to be administered. GDSs are the main link between airlines and intermediaries, such as tour operators and travel agents.They are also empowering Internet transactions by providing the background link be tween electronic travel agencies and airlines. ’ (Egger ;amp; Buhalis, 2008) There is one downside of using GDS and it is the fact that it costs airlines money to go through a GDS process. Airlines complain that the prices are too high and therefore some poorer airlines have decided to post their best offers by using their own websites instead of the global distribution system so that they do not go bankrupt. CRSs (Computer Reservation Systems) and GDSs were the most important facilities of change in the tourism industry before the arrival of the Internet, as they were established as a comprehensive travel marketing and distribution system and were often called travel supermarkets. The need for GDSs arises from both the demand and supply sides as well as from the expansion of the tourism industry in recent decades. ’ (Buhalis,2003. ) Who uses GDSs? A majority of travel agents (worldwide) and travel websites use the Global Distribution System (GDS) to book their air, ho tel and car reservations. There are currently over 600,000 travel agents worldwide who have access to  GDS. On top of that, there are hundreds of thousands of web portals that use  GDS  to provide information on hotels, airlines, car rentals,  etc. ’ According to 1Hotelsolution, (2009). GDS – Through the years: There have been 3 stages of evolution the first reservation system was called an Airline Reservation system, the second a Computer Reservation System (CRS) and the third evolution is today’s Global Distribution System (GDS). The establishment of the Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs) in the 1970s and Global Distribution Systems (GDSs) in the 1980s, followed by the development of the Internet in the late 1990s, have transformed the best operational and strategic practices in the industry dramatically. ’ Buhalis ;amp; Laws (2008) The big winners here are the airlines, followed by the GDSs. The carriers' major concern was to overhaul their di stribution economics and they did that – reducing the fees they pay the GDSs by about 33 per cent per segment.And the airlines, with assistance from the GDSs, did it on the backs of travel agencies. Travel agencies bear about 80 per cent of that reduced airline payment to GDSs through the incentive cuts the agencies agreed to, while the GDSs foot about 20 per cent of the lost revenue themselves. With travel agencies already under financial pressure, the 80-cents incentive cut they agreed to could mean the difference between profit and loss, survival and bankruptcy, according to the article Airlines the big winners in ‘the GDS wars’ Schaal (2006). For the amount of contestable market share is limited given high load factors. Worse this is not going to get any better due to the constraints on supply due to the high price of fuel. If  we look at the market share of the 3 major alliances they now occupy more than 50% of total traffic. When you then remove the Low C ost carriers out of the loop as they don’t participate in the GDSs the amount of neutral traffic unaligned falls significantly. Perhaps for this reason we see traditional unaligned airlines like Virgin Atlantic starting to evaluate their options seriously.   4Hoteliers, (2011). The Future of GDS: Over the last 10 years, the Internet has proved to be a crucially successful platform for selling travel, appealing to a vast group of suppliers. According to Breaking Travel News (2004), the number of travellers booking airline tickets, hotel rooms and other travel services online continues to grow. The GDSs were actually among the first e-commerce companies in the world as early as mid 1970s. Earlier before the beginning of the GDS, travel agents spent huge amounts of time manually entering reservations.The airlines realised that at this point they could make travel agents more productive and essentially re-invent them as an extension of the airlines sales force. It is these orig inal legacy GDSs that provide the strength to the Internet Travel distribution. While online commerce was growing at a fast pace, agents are more and more facing a new reality whereby customers are finding the cheapest fares for themselves on the Internet. The airlines can no longer afford to put fare content through GDSs and are complaining that the prices are too high.The low-cost airlines have added to this pressure, having found an alternative form of distribution that bypasses the GDSs, as stated by Breaking News Travel, (2004). In an attempt to cut their own costs, traditional airlines have started to make their best fares available on their own websites alone. Although GDSs are still a very useful distribution tool, at this stage it is crucial that they reduce their distribution costs in order to restore profitability and ensure the airlines survival (none of the GDSs are now owned by airlines). This is no doubt leading to the volume of the GDS transactions diminishing.What s hould they do? Moving into a de-regulatory environment will change the rules for GDSs, meaning a shift in focus creating new opportunities. They really need to concentrate on value, content and pricing as priorities in moving ahead. They should also re-evaluate their costs and agent incentives. British Airways (BA) has recently negotiated a deal with Amadeus, Sabre and Galileo, which gives them full access to BA’s fares as indicated by Breaking Travel News, (2004). What is the role of the global distribution system in today’s travel agencies?With the dramatic expansion of the Internet and the proliferation of new sources offering bookable travel content, GDSs are still the primary, most comprehensive and reliable platform for travel agencies and their corporate clients to access, shop and book travel. It is also through GDSs and their rich portfolios of travel planning and management tools those agencies and corporations reconcile and manage daily travel business. Due to their range, extent and supplier relationships, GDSs are also fundamental to the supply of travel products to retailers in the online channel according to Travelport, (2011). The InternetThe Internet has become the main sales channel and customer interface for low-cost airlines because of its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The most recent stage of distribution system increase happened in the mid-1990s and counterparts the fast growth of the Internet and its widespread penetration into households by the end of the decade. The internet gave rise to alternative booking channels. ‘ Instead of going to the travel agent to pick up brochures, customers will request details of holidays over the Internet and watch video pictures of the accommodation before booking with the swipe of a credit card. Morgan, (1996). ‘Airlines have a number of options for Internet distribution including airline-owned websites, alliance sites, electronic intermediaries and other forms of sales i ncluding electronic auctioning of unsold seats. A major advantage of these types of services is the ability to offer 24-hour, 7-days-a-week service that in the near future will include bookings via cellular phones using Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) technology. ’ Buhalis & Laws, (2001). By combining the simple protocol of the Internet with a user-friendly interface it represents the main â€Å"vehicle† for creating a worldwide electronic community, integrating research institutes, private companies, public organizations and, most important, private households. ’ Werthner & Klein, (1999). Conclusion The questions are if there is a concentration of power in the hands of the airlines and the intermediaries, is there really a need for a neutral distribution system? What if there was no GDS? If this were the case – would the prices of the products go down or stay the same?From the research in this paper I believe that GDS today is costing us more . As 4Hoteliers stated previously in the paper, the market share of the 3 major alliances they now occupy more than 50% of total traffic. When the Low Cost carriers are removed out of the loop they don’t take part in the GDSs the amount of neutral traffic not united falls considerably. I would agree that the GDS has over time restrained competition and indeed cost the consumer more. GDS – Going, going, gone? They did indeed lasted many, many years but yes I believe they are on their way out.A new generation of people are coming in with more knowledge about technology than the last. They have more of a grasp about computers and the workings of the Internet therefore they will not need GDS, thus, will not need to use travel agencies who are the main users of GDS to book their air, hotel and car reservations. Once travel agencies are out, Global Distribution Systems will no longer be needed. They are soon to be gone. References Books: * Buhalis, D (2003). eTourism. Harlow , England: Pearson Education Limited. P93-94. * Buhalis, D. & Laws, E. (2001).Tourism Distribution Channels-Practices, Issues & Transformations. Cornwall, UK: TJI Digital. P221 * Egger, R. & Buhalis, D. (2008). eTourism Case Studies. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann P264 * Morgan, M. (1996). Marketing for Leisure and Tourism. Hertforshire, UK: Prentice Hall. P263 * Werthner, H. & Klein, S. (1999). Information Technology and Tourism – A Challenging Relationship. Austria: Springer-Verlag Wien. P79 * Werthner, H. & Klein, S. (1999). Information Technology and Tourism – A Challenging Relationship. Austria: Springer-Verlag Wien.P185 * Werthner, H. & Klein, S. (1999). Information Technology and Tourism – A Challenging Relationship. Austria: Springer-Verlag Wien. P188 Articles: * Breaking Travel News (2004) The Future of the GDS. Available from http://www. breakingtravelnews. com/news/article/btn20040216144254916/ [accessed 8th Oct 2011] * Buhalis, D. & Laws, E. (2008) Progress in Tourism Management: Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research. Available from http://www. sciencedirect. om/science/article/pii/S0261517708000162 [accessed 7th Oct 2011] * Schaal, D. (2006) Airlines the big winners in ‘the GDS wars’ in International News. Available from http://0-web. ebscohost. com. ditlib. dit. ie/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=5&hid=8&sid=562024d9-8116-4049-8ab3-6bb0295294dd%40sessionmgr13 [Accessed 7th Oct 2011] Websites: * Hotel-ITC, (2011). GDS (Global Distribution System) – Connect to the world. Available from http://hotel-ict. blogspot. com/2011/04/gds-global-distribution-system-connect. html [Accessed 8th Oct 2011] (Image) * ITSA – GDSs and LTDs http://www. nteractivetravel. org/IndustryBackground/Attachments/GDSs_and_LTDs_FAQs. pdf [accessed 8th Oct] * Marcelvacek. blogspot, (2010). Touri sm & Hospitality Business Applications. Available from http://marcelvacek. blogspot. com/2010/10/what-is-crs-and-gds. html [accessed 7th Oct 2011] * Travel Agent Training Centre, (2011). Computer Reservation System Training Available from http://www. travelagenttrainingcenter. com/Computer%20Reservation%20System%20Training. htm [accessed 8 Oct] * Travelport, (2011). What do travel agents

All About Prepositional Phrases, with Over 60 Examples

All About Prepositional Phrases, with Over 60 Examples All About Prepositional Phrases, with Over 60 Examples All About Prepositional Phrases, with Over 60 Examples By Michael This article contains every common preposition in the English language. Isnt it nice to know that you can learn them all? A list of every common verb or every common noun would be very long Prepositional phrases usually begin with a preposition and end with an object. For example, in the prepositional phrase under the hill, under is the preposition and the hill is the object. A prepositional phrase serves as an adjective or adverb; that is, it modifies a noun or a verb. In the sentence He left after lunch, the prepositional phrase after lunch is used as an adverb to modify the verb left. It tells us when he left, as do He left earlier or He left later. There is no adverb in English that says, He left post-lunch-ly. The object of a preposition is a noun (after the meal), or at least some kind of a noun, such as a gerund (after eating), pronoun (after him), or a noun clause (after what he ate). Some writers tie their writing into knots to keep from breaking a supposed rule against ending a sentence with a preposition. When criticized for doing that, Winston Churchill is supposed to have replied, This is the type of errant pedantry up with which I will not put. His point was that it would be clearer to say, I will not put up with that type of errant pedantry. Maybe your sentence would be clearer without any preposition. Earlier weve given you five ways to minimize prepositional phrases. Prepositions such as of and by are sometimes clues that the sentence could be made shorter or more direct. For example: An occurrence of sneezing is sometimes considered a sign of disease by over-cautious parents. Remove two prepositions and its shorter and better: Over-cautious parents sometimes fear that sneezing can signal a disease. List of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases Examples Aboard: I was aboard the Titanic but escaped on an life raft. About: Kids are crazy about playing Fortnite. Above: There was a cat meowing above me in a tree. Across: I have sailed across the Atlantic Ocean. After: After I finish school, I have always planned to be a dermatologist. Against: Its the Bulls against the Lakers for the basketball championship. Along: The pirate came along the aft side, threw a line over the rail, and boarded the ship with a sword in his teeth. Amid: Amid the cheering crowd, she walked to the platform to receive her medal. Among: After the battle, I grieved to see that among the bodies lay friends and foes. Around: My grandfather put his arm around me and promised to buy me a pocket knife. At: At the football game, freckled teenagers sold sodas to raise money for their club. Before: Wash your hands before supper, and after supper too, in your case. Behind: Behind the barn, I imagine theres an old Lamborghini tractor or two. Below: That chipmunk must live below the ground because he disappeared into a hole yesterday. Beneath: Caves can extend miles beneath the surface of the earth. Beside: She sat beside me and said that her ring had just slipped down the drain. Between: This suspicion between us is damaging our careers in espionage. Beyond: The size of the universe is beyond imagination. But: Everyone but Mom ate jalapeno ice pops. By: Our next poem was written by Robert Frost. Concerning: I speak to you today concerning the great opportunity before us. Considering: The racehorse kept up a good pace, considering her age. Despite: Despite her potato heart, Veggie-Girl faced the forces of evil daily. Down: Look down the foaming river before you decide to dive in. During: I cried during the whole movie after my drink spilled in my lap. Except: I would make cookies except I have no flour. Following: Read the next chapter, then answer the questions following the map section. For: This present is for you, Jimmy, so be thankful. From: I came from the future! In: Help, my foots stuck in the fence. Inside: Three dogs live inside one big doghouse. Into: Look into the crystal ball and see your future. Like: I love my suntan even though I look like a burnt chicken nugget. Minus: The dress looks much better minus the red frill. Near: The flagpole near the pine tree is almost as tall. Next to: Put the Chaucer on the bookshelf next to the Caedmon. Of: The life of a millionaire is amazing: the cars, the money, the taxes. Off: The paint will not come off my shoes. On: Snow fell on my head when I sledded under a tree. Onto: He drove off the main highway and onto a gravel road. Opposite: She lived in the cottage opposite the pond. Out: Look out the window at the beautiful sunset. Outside: Its dry here, but I hear its raining outside of town. Over: Okay, can you jump over a traffic cone on a skateboard? Past: The football flew past the car and into a tree. Plus: The vacation included a week on the island plus the cruise to the island. Regarding: I speak to you today regarding the great opportunity before us. Since: Ive felt depressed ever since my grandfather died. Through: The baseball flew past the tree and through the window. Throughout: Throughout history, there have always been compassionate people. To: Send this sword to Sir Raymond of the Palms. Toward: Hit the ball toward the sky and get out of the way. Under: I dug under the ground and found a gopher hole. Underneath: I just realized theres quicksand underneath me. Unlike: The northern moors are treacherous and isolated, unlike the southern moors, which attract tourists. Until: Dont wake me until eight oclock Christmas morning. Up: Uncle George went up on the roof to get the rocket back. Upon: I bestow upon you this gift of armor. Versus: Traveling by dogsled can be cold, versus traveling by train. With: With the weather outside so sunny, I think I should ride my bike. Within: Theres no gas station within 100 miles. Without: Without food or water, we could not survive. Prepositional Phrase Quiz Choose the answer that reflects the prepositional phrase in each sentence. 1. The northern moors are treacherous and isolated, unlike the southern moors, which attract tourists. unlike the southern moors which attract tourists 2. Look into the crystal ball and see your future. into the crystal ball your future 3. With the weather outside so sunny, I think I should ride my bike. With the weather outside so sunny I think I should ride my bike 4. At the football game, freckled teenagers sold sodas to raise money for their club. for their club At the football game Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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Paralegal essays

Paralegal essays When a company's interest are the same as those of an individual employee, in-house lawyers generally can avoid multiple-representation problems. But once there is a conflict of interest or a perception of a conflict the picture changes dramatically. It is important for in-house counsel to know how to spot such conflicts and what steps to take in response. Corporate counsel clients normally include the company, its board of directors, its most senior management, the heads of the company's various business divisions, its employees and even its former employees. All of these clients deserve quality representation in every matter, from the most fundamental to the most vexing. With this broad range of clients, ethical questions can arise. Specifically, can corporate counsel serve more that one client and, if so, what constraints exist upon such multiple representation? In most instances, a corporate lawyer should attempt to represent both the corporation and its employees, consistent with his or her ethical obligations. It is obviously in any company's interest to present a consistent and unified version of events that give rise to potential liability. Under governing ethics rules, corporate counsel has one client the corporation. Whenever conflicting loyalties arise, that relationship is paramount and requires the lawyer to cast aside any other clients. This bright-line test is muted in actual practice, however, and can put in-house lawyers into some uncomfortable situations, For example, they may have to explain to members of senior management that because the managers' interest are sufficiently different from the company's the managers need s eparate legal advice. Just as the importance of corporate law departments has increased, so too have the problems for corporate attorneys. Corporate employees seem ever more aware of their rights as opposed to the company's interests, and corporate counsel must be sensit...

Marketing design Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing design - Case Study Example Michael E. Porter suggests that businesses must search for a sustainable competitive advantage, which comes from developing a distinctive way of competing (Goett, 1999). As part of the marketing strategy for the oxygen bar, methods for setting it apart as a distinctive brand will be addressed. Population growth and changing demographics are examples of social trends that can have an effect on sales (Nickels et al, 2005). As part of a well-organised PESTLE analysis, the identification of external factors directly affecting the success of the oxygen bar has revealed several relevant issues that could positively impact its survival within the market. It might be argued that oxygen bars are a socio-cultural trend towards better health, as oxygen has been said to boost energy, heighten concentration, reduce stress and detoxify the blood (Davis, 2003). The actual effects of frequenting the oxygen bar are socially independent, meaning that those individuals who have used the bars have found different personal satisfactions regarding oxygen usefulness for health and well-being. However, understanding that oxygen bar popularity has been on the increase globally, similar external social factors towards better, healthy living might well impact a strong customer loyalty to the servic e. In the mid-term, it is possible that new developments in health-related, professional research might indicate a different social trend towards health initiatives, negating positive consumer perceptions of oxygen effectiveness. It might be argued that consumer preferences fluctuate periodically, however, an individual need only witness extensive literature available on UK health studies to visualise a growing trend in better health awareness. Therefore, in the mid-term, no dramatic fluctuations Oxygen Bar 4 in socio-cultural values regarding customer discontinuation of the oxygen bar concept are anticipated. Economic factors, in the short term, do not necessarily affect the ongoing success of the Andrews Adult School Oxygen Bar as the pricing structure for the service will be kept at competitive levels. Pricing will be discussed later in the analysis, but it has been determined that the bar will be maintained at an affordable level, allowing for a broader market to be targeted for bar advertisements. From a community perspective, the oxygen bar will open new job opportunities (especially for the campus student population) and might be accepted for its positive economic impact on the community. In the mid-term, assuming the oxygen bar maintains a level of business and profit success in the community, advancing economic impacts could include more job opportunities to staff the business due

Summary of Pontoon A novel of Lake Wobegon Assignment

Summary of Pontoon A novel of Lake Wobegon - Assignment Example This summary assists the author bring out his intention to the reader about how to live and enjoy life. It was after the death of a woman in the community that the plot thickens. Her family is thrown into turmoil as they do not want to go against her death wishes. At the same time, they do not want to anger the community members by carrying out her wishes. Many lessons are brought forth at the woman’s burial. Her best kept secrets are also brought out during the death ceremony. It is through the story that individuals in society are taught the value of living and enjoying life. Also, they are shown the importance grabbing opportunities once they come one’s way (Keillor, 2008). In conclusion, the story has lifelong teachings that can assist any individual identify what they want in life, and how they can set out to achieve their dreams. The author’s character and mannerism of bringing out these lessons makes the book stimulating and riveting. It is critical not to live in fear or regret (Keillor, 2008). This is one vital lesson the author brought out in the novel, making it a must-read for