Compensation and Benefits in PAC Resources Inc Research Paper

Remuneration and Benefits in PAC Resources Inc - Research Paper Example The legitimacy reward framework was actualized in the association in order to improve generally speaking inventiveness and advancement. It very well may be expressed that this framework was a key driver in setting of hierarchical efficiency. Rewards in PAC was viewed as proportional to remuneration given to representatives (Gusdorf, 2011). In spite of the fact that it was a strategy to accomplish better outcomes however there is no such profit watched for the speculation made by the firm towards such reward framework. This framework can be improved by diminishing the reward sum and making the whole framework focused towards significant level of execution. A prize framework in any association should be persuading as it is the main factor which can expand the degree of execution of workers. There are different approaches to make a prize framework inspiring, for example, structuring a framework which won't separate among workers and advantages will be given to the individuals who have set wanted degree of execution. The whole framework can be separated into various parts where top level entertainers will be remunerated as well as even those will be given prizes who have attempted to accomplish wanted execution level. Alongside this the whole methodology ought to be engaged towards giving examinations just as financial prizes since them two are profoundly persuading factors. In an association where reward framework is a typical factor and is executed from numerous years, in such a situation parcel of contention emerges when such a framework is suspended. The principal outcome is that representatives begin to lose their persuasive level. This absence of excitement greatly affects in general efficiency of the association. Furthermore, it even starts cynicism in the working environment as delegates feel that their compensation is being cut by the administration. This diminishes the level of additional exertion which was recently given by representatives. Â

The different between simulated reverberation using corner speakers in Research Paper

The distinctive between reenacted resonation utilizing corner speakers in the room and genuine resonation - Research Paper Example Another analyst has discovered that the impacts of consistent state concealment are comparable in reproduced and genuine reverberant situations. In this manner, there are progresses that are shutting the hole between the recreated and genuine reverberant conditions, and there are shared characteristics too. The accompanying depicts the contrasts between the two conditions just as the shared conviction that they share. Mimicked sections Real Reverberation Simulated resonation makes a diotic sound field (like amplifier in front) inclined to ghostly retractions. C.f. to â€Å"amplitude mapping†/â€Å"summing localisation†. The diotic sound field might be reproduced by the scientist, for example, with the investigation done by Arai et al. (2007). They needed to assess the impact of cover veiling on discourse comprehensibility, so they led an examination where they introduced boosts diotically through earphones associated with a PC. They were further ready to alter the sound level to the solace of each subject. They found that the understandability of discourse in resonation was conversely associated with the measure of cover concealing (Arai et al., 2007, p. 440). ... n acoustic field is viewed as completely diffuse in a volume V if the vitality thickness is the equivalent on all purposes of this volume V† (Nelisse and Nicola, 1997, p. 3517). As per Kopco and Shinn-Cunningham (2002), in any case, this dissemination relies on where the audience is in the reverberant room. For audience members in the focal point of the room, the intelligent surfaces are found moderately a long way from the audience, which makes the sounds from all situations in the room diffuse to the audience. Then again, when the audience is near a divider, early reflections are noticeable, and these early reflections’ extent and timing relies on where the source is corresponding to the audience (Kopco and Shinn-Cunningham, 2002, p. 109). They likewise found that the resonation impact on limitation differs drastically relying on where the audience is situated in the room, while the impacts of room position on confinement are unobtrusive (Kopco and Shinn-Cunningham, 20 02, p. 112). Then again, Moorer (1979) found that dissemination is one reason that reproducing resonation doesn't seem like genuine resonation, and found that the impacts of dispersion are most unmistakable when the dividers are sporadic, instead of level, which is the situation with most show lobbies. For example, Moorer refers to the instance of the Boston Symphony Hall, with its fluted side dividers and box well roof. This design creates a turmoil of sounds which are brought about by the variety of the diffused wellsprings of sounds that are reflected from each inconsistency in the room. In this manner, everything except for the initial not many pictures are cleaned out, which implies that counterfeit resonation makes some troublesome memories mimicking the acoustics of a show lobby, which is the wellspring of genuine resonation (Moorer, 1979,

Analysis Kite Runner Free Essays

The Kite Runner was composed by Khaled Hosseini who recounts to an account of a kid who lived in Kabul, and in the long run moved to America. In The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini clarifies that each move you make in life has an outcome, he shows us through the instances of disturbance in Amir’s life. Amir had two significant choices to make that decided an amazing result alongside the ones encompassing him. We will compose a custom paper test on Examination Kite Runner or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The first was Amir’s choice to keep his quiet and his refusal to share a terrible demonstration that he saw and escaped. The second was his choice to return to his country in Kabul, and attempt and make right what he did. Khaled gives us that every choice we make in life has a result, he shows a case of this with Amir’s choice to keep quiet and not tell his dad or anybody that he had seen Hassan get assaulted. Hassan in the end reveals to Ali that he had gotten assaulted. After an episode in the house Ali tells Baba (Amir’s Father) â€Å"Life here is outlandish for us now, Agha sahib. We’re leaving† (106). As of now Amir could decide to tell his dad everything that he saw, and everything that Assef did. He decides to let Hassan and Ali leave figuring it will make life simpler for him. The result of this activity prompts Hassan carrying on with a different life from Amir, which thusly prompts Hassan’s murder. Every decision that Amir made had an outcome whether fortunate or unfortunate, there was a result. The second choice Amir made, was to return back to Kabul. Amir’s decision would have numerous life changing outcomes. Amir’s choice to come back to Kabul helped him discover that Hassan was his relative and that he had a nephew. At the point when Amir chose to go salvage Sohrab from Assef, without precedent for years Amir’s agony and disturbance would at last be mended. This recuperating originated from the torment he ought to have gotten from confronting Assef in the back street way when they had cornered Hassan. When Assef and Amir battled and Amir was getting beat severely he thought â€Å"I felt mended. Mended at last† (289). The last time Amir had felt along these lines directly before he saw Hassan get assaulted. Amir’s choice to come back to Kabul allowed Amir the chance to be mended and salvage his half-brother’s child. In the human life individuals are confronted with numerous choices, an awesome case of this is inside Amir’s life. In The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini clarifies that each move you make in life has a result, through the instances of disturbance in Amir’s life. With each choice and each activity we make there is an outcome. The greatest choice in Amir’s life was to keep his quietness and his refusal to share cap he witnessed to Hassan. He decided not to tell his dad or anybody in his youth life, as a result of this Hassan and Ali leave Amir and Baba. They go on a different way from Baba and Ahmir. The second was Amir’s decision to come back to Kabul to look for Sohrab and salvage him from a halfway house. This prompted Amir’s mending and capacity to be really glad once more. The story The Kite Runner gives us that every decision we make has a result whether it is fortunate or unfortunate there is constantly an outcome. The most effective method to refer to Analysis Kite Runner, Essay models

Four Elements of a Valid Business Contract Assignment - 5

Four Elements of a Valid Business Contract - Assignment Example Acknowledgment: This is the second step of detailing an agreement. After the offer is being made by the specialist organization †both bidder and the specialist organization need to go to a shared view and acknowledge each other’s offer then just an agreement can be planned. Thought: Consideration is another key component of a substantial agreement. It tends to be viewed as the common assent between the gatherings or in the agreement. It is normal from both the gatherings that specific extraordinary angles would be considered in the agreement to make it solid. There are numerous sorts of agreements that can be entered in the UK. There are four kinds of agreements that can be entered in the UK (Elliott and Quinn, 2007). All the four sorts of agreements are significant and effective in any business. Verbal Contract: As the name proposes this agreement is an agreement that is communicated in words. This agreement is rather than different agreements, which is suggested by the activities of the gatherings. There are two different ways by which it tends to be suggested †one is inferred actually and the other one is inferred in law. A verbal agreement is an as often as possible abused articulation. Composed Contract: This is another type of agreement that is proposed by the official courtroom in the UK. This is the most usually utilized type of agreement and known to be progressively significant contrasted with different sorts of agreements as all the conditions for the business are elegantly composed, comprehended and marked by the gatherings of the business. Online Contract: The online agreement is only the agreement arrangement and shared through email or site. In this kind of agreement, the sign is made electronically. This type of agreement sets aside both time and cash for the gatherings in the agreement.

Germany Rising Wages Essay - 825 Words

Germany Rising Wages (Essay Sample) Content: (Name)(Instructor)(Course)(Date)Germany Rising WagesThe major goal of every economy is to achieve economic growth. The government is, therefore, responsible of employing measures that can take the economy to a higher level of growth. However, before making decisions on which strategy to be employed, economists have to consider both side effects of the strategy before the actual implementation takes place. Surprisingly is that, even the already developed countries still struggle to take their economy to a higher level of growth. Economic growth is pursued through four major economic goals which are; reducing unemployment, reducing inflation, enhancing stability of prices and ensuring a balance of payment equilibrium. Germany which is among the developed countries in the world is aiming at increasing its minimum wage (BÄ ¿ACKSTONE, Pg. 2). This paper, therefore, contains an analysis of this condition and how it will affect the economy.Germany is known to be an exp ort driven economy. Its growth is mainly determined by the level of exports than its domestic demand. This means that the level of the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s exports is more than the imports which contributes to a surplus balance of payment contributing to economic growth. In the previous years, Germany has been among those countries without a minimum wage specification. However, the government is now intending to increase the minimum wage with an expectation that this strategy will increase the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s income levels and so increase their demand for goods and services in the economy contributing to a higher economic growth (Knabe Ronnie, Pg. 412). It is true that the increase in money supply through the increased wage rate will increase the demand for goods and services in the economy which is among the contributions of economic growth. The increased demand for goods and services is also likely to negatively affect the economy and this imposes a weakness on the increased mi nimum wage approach.It is argued that the increase in minimum wage will help in solving the high rate of unemployment problem. Despite that Germany is among the most developed countries in the world, some people still stay without any form of employment. However, the large proportion of the unemployment people are those that leave jobs because of low wages and seek for better jobs where they can receive better compensation (BÄ ¿ACKSTONE, Pg. 3). Due to the more employment opportunities in the country, labors are too selective with higher bargaining powers and so they prefer staying without jobs hoping for better ones which increase the number of unemployed in the country.However, increasing the minimum wage is not a solution for this problem. In fact, the increased minimum wage rate can worsen the condition. If the minimum wage is increased in the country, the price of labor will be too high. Remembering that the objective of every firm or employer is to maximize profit, emp loyers will be forced to reduce the number of employees so as to cut the total expenditure. As a result, productivity in those firms will also reduce (BÄ ¿ACKSTONE, Pg. 4). The reduction in number of workers and productivity in firms will increase the rate of unemployment in the long-run hence making the condition worse than it is presently.Once minimum wage is increased, the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s levels of income will definitely increase. Basing on the consumer theory where the major aim of a consumer is to maximize utility, these individuals will increase their demand for goods and services. As a result, the aggregate demand will be higher than the aggregate supply in the economy. In order to meet the available demand, suppliers will be forced to increase their prices (Knabe Ronnie, Pg. 403). The general increase in price levels will lead to an increase in the rate of inflation which is an obstacle to economic growth.Another economic objective is to enhance a balance of payme nt equilibrium. Balance of payment surplus is among the current contributes of Germanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s economic growth. However, with the increased minimum wage which translates to an increase in income levels among the individuals hence excess demand, these people will be forced to co...

Learning New Languages Through Immersive Tools

Immersive Tools Can Help High School Students Develop New Foreign Language Skills or Improve Current Ones By Fazreen Razeek, EdArabia Immersive learning has become the hallmark for a handful of activities, not least of which is learning new languages. Today, immersive tools are readily used in the classroom environment to bring the world closer to the student like never before. Learners can now explore places that are impossible to experience in real-life, and that makes the learning process more profound than it has been in the past. Learning languages through immersive tools can help students improve their language skills, giving them a boost in their current language courses or testing. On top of that, gaming has also taken a huge leap forward in the same capacity, making the immersive experience a unique one for video gamers all over. Needless to say, the applicability of immersive learning and the use of immersive tools is widening as technology gets better, and the various spheres of learning are accommodating this trend. When it comes to learning new languages, the need to travel abroad to accomplish that task is no longer essential, at least, not while immersive tools exist. From mobile and computer apps to the fast-paced growth of VR technology that recreates real-life scenarios that the user can readily engage in for personal and immersive lessons in various languages, taking on French, Mandarin, Russian, and other languages has never been easier. What Makes Immersive Tools Effective for Learning Languages? The key aspect that makes immersive tools quite effective when it comes to learning is their capacity to absorb the learner into the simulated environment, what is called immersion. Immersion is the definitive factor that makes using a VR environment no more different from traveling abroad for a similarly immersive experience in an entirely new culture for an opportunity to learn a new language. Take this scenario as an example; you visit a French restaurant in Paris, and you readily engage with the people in it in French, in both listening and speaking terms. The catch is, you’re using your computer and VR gear to conduct all of this! It sounds surreal, but it is very much possible. Immersive tools present a unique and real opportunity for those keen to learn new languages in their comfort zones, and in the same capacity they would in a real scenario. The immersive factor that such tools offer makes the experience quite conducive for a beginner learning a new language. After all, it is the level of experience that naturally determines how effectively and efficiently you learn a new language. Learning New Languages Using Immersive Tools Before, it would have been the suggestion of virtually any person that the only way to effectively learn a new language was to surround yourself with people who speak the host language. Immersive tools have turned the tables nowadays. IT specialists now clarify that immersive learning is just as effective. Most of these immersive tools usually recreate real environments that constitute language learning lessons, which can be revisited as many times as possible for maximum retention. Among these immersive tools include: VirtualSpeech: Getting to learn a new language is usually met with the need to communicate, to measure your capacity to converse in your new tongue effectively. Among other things, that is what VirtualSpeech offers as a VR platform. It actively enhances an individual’s skills of communication in the English language, particularly as it is used in the business and corporate world. Since it is tailored to function as an English-learning platform as it pertains to business, it recreates and simulates various business scenarios, for example when you are speaking with clients, or meeting with stakeholders, thus bringing an original and authentic experience in such an arena. ImmerseMe: ImmerseMe is another VR language learning platform that also does what VirtualSpeech does, only that in this particular instance, you have a wider choice of languages you can readily select. It also takes you through various scenarios that allow you to communicate with various subjects regarding one issue or another directly. FluentU: FluentU is a bit different from the above-mentioned immersive tools in that it takes different video content and makes them into personalized lessons in various languages. As you delve deeper into learning the content, and thus, the language, you become more acquainted in your language of choice. How Do You Effectively Use Immersive Tools to Learn a New Language? There are a few pointers you can employ to make sure you are getting the most out of your language learning experience using immersive tools. As you go through the motions, remember to: Put your new language skills to the test in a real-world scenario. Invite any type of feedback so that you can enhance your skills in the process. Go through the lessons as many times as possible until you’re comfortable to test yourself in the real world. Learning new languages through immersive tools is a great way for students to explore their interests through languages and develop a specialty – a key component to standing out in the US admissions process. About Fazreen RazeekFazreen Razeek from Edarabia has served the digital industry for over five years. He collaborates and works alongside agencies, event organizers, and suppliers to develop and execute their marketing strategies. He is extremely passionate about education technology and also writes for various local and international publications. A graduate with High Distinction from the Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia, Fazreen holds a bachelor’s degree with a double major in marketing management.

Angels in America - Character Analysis of Prior Walter

The Perceptions Of College Students About Interracial...

â€Å"THE PERCEPTIONS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS ABOUT INTERRACIAL RELATIONSHIPS† America’s population has become more diverse within the years ethnically and culturally, which created opportunities for individuals from different backgrounds to engage in more romantic relationships. In the past society followed the social norms, with accepting the racial boundaries in dating and marriage. Interracial dating has had consequences that included family rejecting and social ridicule, which is still prevalent today, just not as much. The purpose of this study was to investigate college students’ perceptions o couples engaged in interracial romantic relationship compared to college students’ perceptions of couples engaged in romantic relationships with individuals of the same race/ethnicity. Also, adult college students drawn from the graduate population of a publicly supported, historically Black university and one private, Baptist University will serve as subjects as well. The researcher of this study predicted there will be a substantial diffe rence in the perceptions of couples engaged in interracial relationships as oppose to same race relationships amongst these college students. Also stated that these differences might be affected by age, gender and education level of these participants. The college students were asked to fill out a demographic sheet asking for their age, ethnicity, gender, and educational level. Each respondent was administered a portion of the KorolewiczShow MoreRelatedIntercultural And Interracial Friendships And Cultural Relationships Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesintercultural and interracial friendships from a social penetration perspective. Journal of intercultural communication research, 38(2), 77-98. doi:10.1080/17475750903395408 In this article the researchers explored what the influences of culture have on self-disclosure in intercultural and interracial friendships and relationships in the United States. These friendships and relationships face obstacles and challenges. The focus on intercultural and interracial friendships and relationships has socialRead MoreIdentifying Strategies to Improve African American College Student Retention and Graduation Rates1690 Words   |  7 Pagesthe minority student is that barriers persist which continue to hinder enrollment, retention, and graduation rates in institutions of higher education. These barriers must be identified and examined and solutions offered if college completion rates are to be increased for this population. While overall college enrollment and graduation rates have risen for all minority groups, there continues to be concerns for this segment of the population, particularly for African American students. Even thoughRead MoreMixed Culture And Mixed Race Identity970 Words   |  4 Pagesglobalization and interracial relationships (Kellogg Liddell, 2012, p. 525). In Paragg’s (2017) study â€Å"What are you?†: Mixed race responses to the racial gaze on mixed race responses, the author found that many participants had a â€Å"ready† identity narrative to questions of racial identity. The study is grounded in the fact that racial gaze is (re)produced when asking the question of â€Å"what are you?† (Paragg, 2017, p. 278). Paragg’s term racial gaze refers to the external perceptions of others and theRead MoreSummary Of Rising Tide : Bear Bryant, Joe Namath1181 Words   |  5 Pageswhere Bear Bryant was announced as the new head coach of the University of Alabama. The two main characters are Joe Namath and Paul Bear Bryant. The theme of this book is about the legendary coach Paul Bryant and how he helped Joe Namath overcome the struggle of segregation on and off the football field. Considering the relationship of the athlete and coach during golden era of the game, it addresses the losses, the commitment, and the determination in becoming one of the nation s elite. Like manyRead MoreThe Issues of Race, Class, and Gender Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesproducing sperm? (Lorber, 1992) The article also mentioned how sports glorified men and ignored the female athlete. Only giving women 5% of television coverage opposed to men receiving 92%. Sports can trivialize women symbolically. For example, College sport teams may name the male team tigers and the womens team kittens. (Eitzen Baca Zinn, 1989). This can coincide with the males being considered strong and the women being sexual. Roles were also mentioned as societys prescriptions for thoseRead MoreCohabitation Is Defined As A Man And Woman Living1713 Words   |  7 Pagesin marriage; about one quarter to one third of cohabitations end either in marriage or dissolution of the relationship within 3 years (Jay, 2012). Further, cohabitation rates are highest for those who have not completed college, accounting for all but 12% of men and women reporting that they are living with their partners (Jay, 2012). Cohabitation and marriage are two significant decisions college students will make, but very little is known a bout what college students think about living togetherRead MoreEssay on Biracially Raised Children2156 Words   |  9 Pagespopulation which report themselves as people who have two or more races. (United States). The number of interracial couples has reached to 1.6 million, which account for almost 4 % of U.S. marriages. ( Fletcher, par. 3 ). In a melting pot country like the United States, where immigration and emigration rates are high, inter-cultural marriage has become an inevitable by- product of mobility. Interracial marriage refers to a marriage which consists of couples with two different racial backgrounds. For exampleRead MoreThe Asian American Community and the Model Minority Myth1925 Words   |  8 Pagesto the model minority myth, the Asian American community has nothing to complain about because they are doing so well. This is an incorrect statement because although we are considered to be the â€Å"racial middle† and more closely related to whites than blac ks, Asian Americans face their own set of issues and concerns in contemporary America. These issues include the model minority stereotype, ethnic enclaves, interracial marriage, juggling two cultural identities, diabetes, discrimination within an ethnicRead MoreTheatre As A Cultural Expression For Societys Theatrical Tradition1390 Words   |  6 Pagesdollars and ten Academy Awards in one year, which musical is a worldwide favorite while also being a thoughtful and sharp commentary on interaction between cultures? (Berson, 2011, pg. 155). The answer to the question is West Side Story, the musical about love and life in-between Puerto Rican and American cultures. West Side Story is just one example of a musical or play that has explored deep questions of how cultures communicate, or do not. Set in the 1950s, West Side Story tells the story of twoRead MoreThe Importance Of Racism1291 Words   |  6 Pagescan exclude necessary parties and give conversations about race a disillusioned effect with a pointless air about them. Goto sees the binary as â€Å"providing a self-protective benefit† to churches (35). She urges churches to align themselves towards compassion once more. Because religious institutions have historically benefitted from racism, this normalizes certain practices and allows whites to â€Å"protect themselves by inhibiting awareness† about racism towards their out-group (35). When considering

Cannabis Keeps the Mind Balanced - 681 Words

Drugs in America Cannabis- Keeps the Mind Balanced Marijuana also known Cannabis is the most common recreational drug of choice in modern day society. Although marijuana is currently one of the most controversial drugs, it is statistically the safest of any drug in the United States and around the world yet it is still illegal. Aside the recreational use of marijuana; it can be used as a pain reliever and a relaxant. Marijuana is extremely beneficial to cancer, AIDS, glaucoma, and multi sclerosis patients in which it offers a strong sense of relief. I believe that marijuana is therapeutic drug that can be used recreational and medicinal. Although marijuana offers many benefits, there are still many issues that surround the use of the drug. The constant battle over legalizing marijuana stems from its classification as a Schedule I drug. Schedule I drugs are extremely high risk for latent substance abuse. I have various standpoints on the recreational use of marijuana in which if it’s used to relief individuals stress level then why oppose the use. I am firm believer marijuana smokers use the drug to block out traumatizing past experiences. Anything that can help comfort a mother suffering from glaucoma should unquestionably be supported. Marijuana can be used for spiritual purposes in which it can help one meditate at ease. It creates a calm and relaxing atmosphere to think freely which puts the mind at ease. The medicinal use of marijuana is a prime example on whyShow MoreRelatedShould We Legalize Marijuana? Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are those consumers that abuse the use of these drugs. That brings into question if the legalization of certain drugs should be considered or if it is best to keep them illegal. One of the main drugs in debate now and the topic I conducted my research on is Marijuana. The United States is now in debate on the legalization of cannabis, and much of America is now for legalizing the drug. My top concern is how legalizing marijuana will effect our society. What will it do to crime rates and job employmentRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized By The Federal Government?1998 Words   |  8 PagesMarijuana derives from the hemp plant, scientifically named cannabis sativa and cannabis indica. Marijuana consists of dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant. The cannabis plant is one of mankind s first cultivated plants and has many applications (How). One of the most common and most misunderstood uses of marijuana is obtaining the well spoken of high as well as recreational uses. Most people believe that there is a loss of mind and body control which is dangerous, but that is notRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1881 Words   |  8 Pagesthere are those consumers that abuse the use of these drugs. That brings into question if the legalization of certain drugs should be considered or if it is best to keep them illegal. One of the main drugs in debate now and the topic I conducted my research on is Marijuana. The United States is now in debate on the legalization of cannabis, and much of America is now for legalizing the drug. My top concern is how legalizing marijuana will effect our society. What will it do to crime rates and job employmentRead MoreThe Benefits of Medical Marijuana Essay2564 Words   |  11 Pagesuse marijuana, that card is not recognized in the state of California, making it illegal to use that substance in that state. People from other state then are not allowed to go to other states to get more marijuana than their state approves. This keeps people from disobeying the law, and getting their card taken away. Colorado is another state out of the twenty that has come to realize the benefits of legalizing marijuana for medicinal purposes. Colorado approved the legalization of medicinal marijuanaRead MoreHealth And Social Health Promotion5594 Words   |  23 Pagespromotion is to help an individual of complete physical and social well-being this can cause a change in environment and identify aspirations. -Raise health awareness of: To raise awareness using campaigns of dangers of high blood pressure and how to keep the blood pressure down -Encourage safety and reduce accidents: TV campaign might show a child being hit by car travelling at 40 mph to demonstrate that even speeds quite slow still kill. The aim of this would be to encourage people to drive more slowlyRead More Bob Marley Essay3397 Words   |  14 Pagesthe controversy of his message. Politicians used threats of murder and violence towards those who opposed their campaigns. Marley?s life was almost taken in 1976 (Steffens, par.1) when a candidate sent hit men to assassinate him and his wife. Keep in mind; this was all prior to a strategically planned election in the opposing candidate?s favor. Marley?s family almost took the fall for electoral competition. All Marley wanted was to share his message for peace and equality, and he suffered due toRead MorePlay Worker Level 35061 Words   |  21 Pagesthe UK is categorized as relative rather than absolute. Meaning that children are not starving, but the effects of growing up in poverty are still very marked. Diet Children’s growth, behaviour and development can be affected by their diet. A balanced diet will help children to remain healthy as well as to grow, families on low incomes may buy cheaper food, often processed foods with high levels of salt, fat and sugar, which have lower nutritional value. Housing Families on lower incomes mayRead MoreProblems of Society (Law, Crime, Punishment)7483 Words   |  30 Pagesgreed, lust, selfishness, doubt, prejudice, pride, vanity, impatience, sloth, discrimination, arrogance, ambition, addiction, gluttony, criticism, blame, anxiety, frustration and so on. We all get attacked by those faulty ethereal goblins of our minds and hearts, but most of us succeed to resist them. Its easy to act on anger, greed, revenge or any of highlighted above, but it takes courage and strength to determine that there is something more important than that. There are two core reasonsRead More Drug Abuse Among American Teenagers Essay7972 Words   |  32 Pagesways of having fun without having drugs is also another way of showing teens that drugs is not the way to go. And that you dont need them to have fun. The school system can help to. By setting up educational programs like D.A.R.E in schools will help keep children away from drugs. Teaching them the consequences of drug abuse. But schools cannot do it alone, they have to be backed up and supported by parents. Doctors, and counselors can also help prevention of drug abuse. By offering information aboutRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pagessafe insulators for low to moderate voltages (hundreds, or even thousands, of volts). Uses of Insulators * Insulators are commonly used as a flexible coating on electric wire and cable. Since air is an insulator, no other substance is needed to keep the electricity within the wires. However, wires which touch each other will produce cross connections, short circuits, and fire hazards. In coaxial cable the center conductor must be supported exactly in the middle of the hollow shield in order to

Analysis Of Oryx And Crake By Margaret Atwood - 1619 Words

In the novel Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood, the protagonist, Snowman, lives in the aftermath of a society that was controlled almost entirely by pharmaceutical companies. Snowman, who used to be known as Jimmy, lives in isolation as the human population has been wiped out by a disease that was spread through a drug meant to prevent aging. This was at the hand of his boss and childhood friend, Crake, who wanted to make way for a new race of genetically engineered humanoids that are designed to never experience the ills of modern human society. Before these humanoids, or â€Å"Crakers,† had come into existence, pharmaceutical companies owned walled-off cities, known as the Compounds, in which their employees lived as the upper class. All members of these communities worked for the same companies, so much of their lives was dedicated to finding ways to prevent diseases and preserve youth. Outside these walls were the â€Å"pleeblands,† where the lower general popu lations lived. Residents of the Compounds would go so far as to be vaccinated before stepping foot outside their Compounds into the pleeblands for fear of disease. The society described in the novel reflects some aspects of society as we know it today and presents an excellent social commentary. Despite being written in 2003, it accurately predicts and satirizes the â€Å"oversharing† that we see on the Internet in 2015. Jimmy and Crake spend their free time throughout high school watching videos online, includingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Oryx And Crake By Margaret Atwood2021 Words   |  9 PagesMargaret Atwood expression on her views with education in her book Oryx and Crake shows the conflicting battle between two disciplines; science vs. humanities. Atwood describes sciences and humanities by dividing between social aspects as well as how they are viewed in society and how our education places us in this society. In Oryx and Crake, Atwood uses the terms words perso n and numbers person to describe the intellect of a person that places them into a category that ultimately shapes howRead MoreAnalysis Of Oryx And Crake By Margaret Atwood1861 Words   |  8 Pagestesting and electronic surveillance. Every citizen of the United States of America has the right to privacy, but companies and cooperation, hackers, and even the U.S.A government have been violating those rights. In the fictional novel Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood there was very little privacy because employers kept constant tabs on their employees to keep them from disclosing information. Every citizen in the United States of America should care about their privacy being violated because. InRead MoreAnalysis Of Oryx And Crake By Margaret Atwood1383 Words   |  6 Pages In â€Å"Oryx and Crake† by Margaret Atwood, we are able to look at the parental relationships of Jimmy and how his relationship with his parents affected him. Jimmy comes from a family that could be described as dysfunctional. His mother is depressed and neglects him while his father is carefree, takes things lightly, but also neglects him as well. Due to the negative relationships with his parents, it has affected him in a negative way that will affect the way he forms relationships in the futureRead MoreAnalysis Of Oryx And Crake By Margaret Atwood1979 Words   |  8 Pagestribulations of life. Oryx and Crake, by Margaret Atwood, is a novel about a post-apocalyptic world in which the scientific approach to the world clashes with a more naturalistic approach. Crake represents an idealistic view of the world shown by the way he strives for perfections. He believed that in their current form, humans were far from perfect because of the undesirable traits they possessed and devoted his life to fix this inherent problem in humanity by creating the Crakers. Oryx displays an optimisticRead MoreAnalysis Of Oryx And Crake By Margaret Atwood1321 Words   |  6 Pagesrighteous and unrighteous characteristics of individuals. Having said that, ethics plays a significant role in Margaret Atwood’s novel, Oryx and Crake. The world in which Oryx and Crake are presented differs from our own. The lifestyle throughout the novel demonstrates the value and importance of ethics in one’s life and how it can effortlessly lead to a tragedy. In the novel, Margaret Atwood focuses on the excess of the lack of moral responsibility and freedom showing that as much as science can helpRead MoreAnalysis Of Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury And Oryx And Crake By Margaret Atwood1660 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the novels, Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury and Oryx and Crake w ritten by Margaret Atwood, family plays a large role in the flow of the plot. It is throughout both novels where one can see how great an effect familial ties and expression have on the way a single family works and how these workings are a smaller reflection of what society sees as its average. Without family structure and a way for one to express themselves society would not be able to function. What is the trueRead MoreOryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood1014 Words   |  4 PagesThe concern about the condition of the world today is an ever present debatable issue in our current society. In the science fiction novel Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood, the author as put by Jayne Glover in critical analysis â€Å"Human/Nature: Ecological Philosophy in Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake†, Atwood â€Å"speculates on what the near future may be like considering the realities of contemporary environmental, social and political issues† (Glover 50). Atwood’s novel specifically focuses on theRead MoreIs It Real?1433 Words   |  6 PagesJimmy constantly questioned his surroundings; â€Å"is it real†¦?† (Atwood 269) became a reoccurring theme. Over a game of virtual chess one day Jimmy asked, â€Å"why don’t we use a real set, the old kind with plastic men?† To which crake later responded, â€Å"the real set is in your head.† (Atwood, 93) These seemingly unimportant debates among friends, proved to be a small part of the problems apparent in our modern society. Atwood has drawn to attention the idea that the world in which we live is no longer realRead MoreEssay about Self Discovery in Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake2273 Words   |  10 Pageswith the self. â€Å"Oryx and Crake† is a novel by Margaret Atwood that demonstrates how certain intriguing, distinctive characters develop themselves. Her novel demonstrates how there is no simple way of discovering oneself, but rather a combined method. Margaret Atwood’s book Oryx and Crake demonstrates that both the constituted and atomistic methods of self-discovery must be practiced to fully understand oneself. The captivating characters and people in her book Oryx and Crake demonstrate this.

Mission Impossible 2 Essay Example For Students

Mission Impossible 2 Essay For example from the 1970s programme the spys car had speciel built in gadgets, like the passenger seat pulled out. The audience will see a more advanced technology in the trailer of Mission Imposible 2, like the self exploding Hi-tech cars and technical glasses that stated Mr Hunts mission. In due coarse the audience will anticipate all the new technical adaptations of the new version, as a result persuading them to watch the film. But we could also say that the film could be equally appealing to those who do not have previous knowledge of the film. Bearing in mind the audiences non familiarity of the plot, their curiosity will influence them to watch the film and find out. There are previews of three characters in the trailer, each revealing their status in the film. The information we obtain from the trailer about the characters are their names and the actor/actress who plays them. We also understand their positions in the films plot such as if they are the bady or the goody. For example the character of Mr Hunt is constructed in the trailer specifically to clarify his role in the film. He is shown riding a motorbike through fire, climbing a cliff and basically dodging danger all of which fit the conventions of a secret service agent. Costumes is also another technique that is used to signify espionage, such as in one of the shots of Mr Hunt we see him dressed smartly to represent a intelligent and cunning spy, much like James Bond. This is done to target another group of audience that find the whole aspect of espionage interesting, as a result finding the film appealing. Moreover we are given more information about Mr Hunt than any other characters as he takes the leadung role in the film, this implys the supriority of Mr Hunt over the other characters. The image that the producers want to create here is to show the importance of his character. Due to this the role was given to a very popular actor, Tom Cruise. As a result it will influence the appeal of the film. As well as the visual aspects of the trailer there is also the speed of editing that conveys the action theme of this film. The trailer starts of in a slow pace then becomes faster as the action scenes are played. The editing of the trailer establishes the initial atmosphere by moving focus from one scene to another. This signifys the fast action and drama in the film. It will in turn increase the appeal of the film as the viewers are taken along with the action. Another non visual point of this trailer which rienforces the theme of this film, is the soundtrack. The Trailers soundtrack begins with the theme tune, then a womans computerized voice states, Your mission if you choose to except it. At this instant there is a pause with an eerie sound then more of the womans voice is heard, following the voice of Tom Cruise; he says, You got to be kidding followed by more theme tune. The theme tune is a re-mix of a modern day artist Limbizkit and the original theme tune. This soundtrack will attract new and old audience as it represents both audiences tastes. For example the line Your mission if you choose to except it will be familiar with the older viewers as it is an adaptation of the 1970s TV series. But it is said by a computerized voice which also suits the interests of the younger viewers. Furthermore the fact that the theme tune is a mix of the old and the new it will also attract a variety of audience. In addition the voice of Anthony Hopkins is also heard in the soundtrack. He is a well known English actor, very much respscted in the film industry. The producers were clever to sneak in his voice as it makes the film look sleek to the audience. It enables the film to look more appealing to the viewers. Conclusion In conclusion the techniques that were used in the trailer was very successful to make it appeal to an audience. .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 , .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 .postImageUrl , .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 , .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5:hover , .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5:visited , .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5:active { border:0!important; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5:active , .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5 .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24201ca922b4df0384091038844448f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Spanglish: The Need For Money EssayThis is because varies of techniques was used to etablish the initial atmosphere of the film, such as;   Visual information.   The editing of the trailer.   The historical context.   The soundtrack. In due coarse the trailer adapts to the style and purposes of a wide range of audiences. This enables the appeal of maximum viewers of the film. Furthermore there were many Unique Selling Points of this film such as, Tom Cruise, the film genre and the fact that this was a sequel and a re-make of s 1970s TV programme, ensures to attract the different tastes of the audience. In my opinion the most successful component was the editing of the trailer. Due to the fast pace of the trailer the viewers were taken along with the action and drama of the film. There was not much written text as audience will response more to visual information. In addition the information of the film was revealed apropriatly without inhibiting the viewers enjoyment. Moreover the genre of the film was sustained throughout the trailer as a result confirming the audience attraction of the film.

Intellectual Property Law Law and Policy

Question: Discuss about theIntellectual Property Law for Law and Policy. Answer: Introduction Intellectual property law abbreviated as IP my most countries is a law, which deals with rules for securing designs, and articles produced by artists. It controls interchangeable assets of the owners from being used by others for their profitability reasons. This law when infringed, it subjects the original owner of the copyrights to incur losses since all the profits become beneficial to the third party. However, when the original copywriter presents the claims of infringement before the court of law, the third party faces the full wrath of the decree since penalties from this set of an act is very expensive. This regulation gives an incentive for the people to develop creative work that benefits the society instead of having to copy pattern rights from their predecessors. This promotes hard work in all dimensions thus, living conditions are improved. The law ensures copyrights that are applicable to writings, pictures, and artistic expressions and other intellectual properties of t he society are safeguarded (Waelde et al, 2014). This regulation was initiated back in 1890s in the United States of America though in most other countries it is estimated to be around fifty years old. Its validation is 70 years. Steps on use of Copyrights by the Client Financial crisis disadvantages many people gearing to produce quality work geared towards a sustainability of the society. In our case, production of the Teenage Student Ninja Warriors movie on the Television is faced with massive challenges due to the insufficient funds for registration. The young people do not own property and so getting funds to finance creative work is difficult. According to the advice given to the client on how to use other peoples work of art to make the play is not a bad idea though it is very dangerous (Frankel Gervais, 2016). One of the advices one ought to have given this client is to use an article, which is more than fifty years of age. This is because; the world artistic work is valid for only a period of 50 years. At this age, it is believed the producer might not still be alive and at the same time, the technology to that given product is outdated at that given time. The punter can as well seek guidance from the registrar of copyrights society of Aus tralia (Denoncourt, 2012). The person under this mandate will give out the best advice instead of having to suffer by use of malpractices on copyrights. Moreover, one can edit the script on the works of the China in which one intends to use in the acting of the supernatural staged talented boys production. Through this process, the copyrights change since plagiarism only occur in the event whereby one takes all content and uses it the way it is. Additionally, this client ought not to panic too much simply because one can use another persons copyrights but quote that it is not his original work. According to Spiers (2009), an act of acknowledging this is allowed since the client only wants to use the script but the script is different from the one owning the copyrights. Furthermore, the client can as well make an official communication to the firm or the owner of the action under consideration. By doing so, one gains the courage of making the production without prior uncertainty of b eing imprisoned or subjected to a penalty resulting from dubious deed. The client can also use the works from within the country dated before 2015. This is because Australian Intellectual Law was faced with radical changes pertaining to copyrights of the production of a given works of art (Denoncourt, 2010). This will thus make the client do whatsoever wishes without having to go to prison since one used what was initially allowed or disallowed. Most artists especially those who are over the age of 40 marvels at sight of boosting the growth of the young groups of people who are seen to have talent. Due to this privilege, the client is in a good position to ask for aid from stakeholders and the developed artists in registering this group of great minded-individuals. Then later, one can continue with production of the works of art since complexities or law requirement is already in action. It is evident that the advice given by the buddy is of great help to some point. Problems that Might be Encountered The usage of other peoples copyrights is very dangerous. The client might be subjected to imprisonment or face financial penalties. This is because using of the content found under other persons name on You Tube is very alarming (Davison, Monotti Wiseman, 2012). This is because the image of an individual even when edited will always remain the same especially since this is a production, which is entailed to be aired in the media. It is thus prudent for the client to directly ask for person from the source and give the information on the new additions in the article. To add on this, the client is bound to face reputation menace. The outlook of the business to the public will be greatly affected since the entire nation will view this media house as thieves (Kraut, 2016). This will lead to greater losses in the business resulting from reduction in the number of their clients subscribing to it. Moreover, the image will be greatly tarnished and thus no promoter is willing to do business with such a media house (Bainbridge, 2014). The company in question also stands the risk of facing legal liability. This is through subjection to answerability on the issues of stealing of the copyrights of another company. In addition, the resources of this firm might face some sort of implication as by the law suggestion. This can be in terms of taking of the media house facilities leading to great losses experienced by the so client. In such event, one is also bound to lose the licenses of running the enterprise. This frustration is believed to be impacted on the criminal under the subject in order to serve as a lesson to others who try to perform the same sort of unethical issues in the copyrights society of Australia (Stim, 2016). Advantages of Intellectual Property Law This set of rules and regulations were created due to emanating problems caused by opportunistic artists in the society. It is very beneficial since the original producers of the works of art do not worry on the security of their creativity. This is because most have the feeling of peace since they are entitled to enjoy the labor of their creativity without worries. Disadvantages Most people are very creative in this 21st century but in the stage of producing their products they realize that they cannot afford it. According to Davis (2008), registering ones creativity with any copyrights society requires a lot of capital. This thus disadvantages the poor while those who are financially stable gets the all advantage in this charismatic industry. This has caused the widening of the gap between the poor and the rich bringing about a slogan entitled the poor will continue being poor whereas the rich continuously develop financially. Conclusion The act of law, which facilitates intellectual properly, is very important in the current generation. This is because most people are very aggressive on the wealth generation whatsoever the cost. This is more so in the musical and artistic world (Gangjee Edward 2016). Most young people are producing their own movies and songs at a very high speed. Incase this rule was never setup, most artists with well set of songs among other creative work could be facing losses due to infringement of their work. References Bainbridge, D. I. (2014). Information technology and intellectual property law. Davis, J. (2008). Intellectual property law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Davison, M. J., Monotti, A. L., Wiseman, L. (2012). Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge [UK: Cambridge University Press. Denoncourt, J. (2010). Intellectual property law. London: Routledge. Denoncourt, J. (2012). Intellectual property law. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: New York, NY. Frankel, S., Gervais, D. J. (2016). Advanced introduction to international intellectual property. Gangjee, D., Edward Elgar Publishing. (2016). Research handbook on intellectual property and geographical indications. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub. Kraut, A. (2016). Choreographing copyright: Race, gender, and intellectual property rights in American dance. Nguyen, X.-T. N., Conway-Jones, D., Mtima, L. (2016). Transnational intellectual property law. Norman, H. E. (2011). Intellectual property law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pennsylvania Bar Institute. (2016). 10th annual intellectual property law institute. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Bar Institute. Spiers, D. (2009). Intellectual property law. Dundee: Dundee University Press. Stim, R. (2016). Patent, copyright trademark: An intellectual property desk reference. Waelde, C., Laurie, G. T., Brown, A. E. L., Kheria, S., Cornwell, J., MacQueen, H. L. (2014). Contemporary intellectual property: Law and policy.

Stakeholders free essay sample

A stakeholder is a person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organization’s actions, objectives and policies. There is two different types of stake holders, these are internal and external. Internal stakeholders are people who are on the inside of the business that already serve the organisation, these include staff, managers, board members etc. external stakeholders are from outside of the company but still have an impact on the organisation which includes people from the community or the organisations clients. Owners The owners of the business are internal; they are the most important stakeholders. They may either be a sole trader or the partner of the business. Marks and Spencer the owners of Marks and Spencer want to ensure that the profits increase and the value of the business rises. It is their job to ensure the business keeps on top financially and that they are proving customers with what they want. We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page St Gemmas no one actually owns St Gemmas, it is an organisation running off of donation from the public and the government. Employers Employers are internal, they are responsible for the health and safety of their employees and it is their duty to ensure their employees and customers are protected from anything that may cause them harm in the workplace by effectively controlling any risks that may arise in the workplace. Marks and Spencer the employers at marks and spencer are there to keep control of everything that is happening in the area they are in charge of. They are to supply health and safety training to all employees and ensure everyone knows what to do in certain situations that may arise. St gemma’s Hospice the employers at St Gemmas make sure they are getting enough donations in to the organisation and that the service they provide runs smoothly and correctly. Employees/volunteers Employees are also internal, they are the people that work at the business or organisation. It is their duty to do whatever it is they are asked of by their employers. Marks and Spencer   as the employees work in store, it is important for them to give a good first impression. The employees are the first people that the customers see and are greeted by, if the employees aren’t up to standard and are creating a bad reputation for the supermarket, the business is highly likely to lose customers. MS likes to ensure that the employees are treated correctly and are given an equal amount of respect, if the employees are happy and creating a positive atmosphere the customers are more likely going to enjoy their shop and consider visiting the store again. St Gemma’s Hospice volunteers at St Gemma’s are extremely important, as St Gemma’s is a charity it is crucial for them to recruit as many people that are willing to work unpaid and actually commit their selves to the job. Without volunteers, St Gemma’s would be spending a high percentage of the donations they collect on wages for the employees. Customers customers are considered the most important stakeholders of all. All businesses aim to impress and keep customers to ensure the success of the business. Marks and Spencer   As marks and spencer is a supermarket, their main priority is to keep their customers happy and ensure that their experience at the supermarket is enjoyable to gain future sails. Without the customers, businesses like MS would never survive, the customers are the people keeping the business running as without their purchases the business would be pointless and quickly die. St Gemma’s Hospice Like any other organisation and business, without St Gemma’s customers and donators the charity would quickly come to an end. Customers are the foundation to any business so it is vital for St Gemma’s to keep the customers attention and do all they can to make a difference and use the public’s money responsibly. Suppliers Marks and Spencer For popular supermarkets like MS it is vital to have a reliable supplier and construct a positive relationship with them. Without a reliable supplier, deliveries may not be on time and even be incorrectly stocked, this can cause a lot of problems for MS as having a lack of stock in store causes customers to shop elsewhere causing them to change their regular supermarket to one that is stocked to a better standard and provides to all their needs. St Gemma’s Hospice St Gemma’s suppliers is pretty much the community, people donate their belongings to the St Gemma’s charity shop and they are then sold on. Without the suppliers, St Gemma’s Hospice would have to find new ways of raising money for the charity.

How To Use the Rhetorical Analysis Sample Essay

How To Use the Rhetorical Analysis Sample EssayUsing the Rhetorical Anaylsis Sample Essay is a way for you to do your research for your college essay. You can use this information for the sections of your essay where you have to think out loud. The topic will allow you to do that.Rhetorical Anaylsis is a perfect tool for students that need to write essays that they can read over and revise later. This essay should also be completed before you move on to your college course. Not only is it a great way to get your ideas down, but you will also be able to tell what is acceptable and what is not in your class.Some of you may have some basic knowledge of writing a paper on the internet. Using your favorite search engine you can search for your college class and use the search query 'Rhetorical Essay.' By looking through the results you can narrow your results down and find a sample essay that you like.Remember, the topics that are covered in the thesis section in your Rhetorical Anaylsis Sample Essay will be the same topics that you will be researching during your college course. It will be important that you have enough material to cover the course as a whole. If you use a writing sample and your essay needs a chapter or two added you will need to find a class that is similar. Finding a similar course will help you narrow down the topics that you will be researching and adding to your essay.The methods of research will also be important in determining how to include this in your overall college plan. By being able to think out loud and to use words to express the facts that you know you can come up with many answers to the research questions that you have. The essay should be written in a logical order and follow a logical structure. Following a logical structure will give you the opportunity to make sense of the ideas you are creating in your essay.The essay should be organized to where you can follow it from start to finish. Making a case for each argument that y ou are making will allow you to be able to back them up when you are actually writing the paper. By following the argument in your essay you will be able to get more words down in the allotted time.Writing persuasive points can be very difficult, especially when you have to convince yourself of the truth of what you are saying. This is why the essay is a great method for making persuasive points and for writing the full thesis. Theses are an essential part of any college education, but making them is not always easy. Students that take advantage of these Essay writing tools will be able to use their research skills and writing skills to their advantage.Style is something that everyone has to deal with, but for those that can deal with it they will be able to succeed. Everyone has to deal with the flaws of their writing style at one point or another in their lives. Writing style is something that can help you learn how to improve your writing.

The Diving Bell and the Butterfly

The Diving Bell and the Butterfly Free Online Research Papers Locked-in syndrome is a condition when a person is completely awake and aware of their surroundings but cannot move any voluntary muscle except their eyes. Locked-in syndrome is caused by strokes that cause lesions to your brain stem and damage the ventral pons. (TS) An episodic adventure through the eyes of Bauby shows us what it is like to live with locked-in syndrome. (PS)At the age of 44 Jean-Dominique Bauby the editor-in-chief of Elle magazine suffered a severe stroke. (SS) He finally awakes from a twenty day coma in the hospital and is unable to speak or move any part of his body except for his left eye. (SS) Dr. Mercier then diagnoses him with Locked-in Syndrome.(PS) His speech therapist comes up with a communication code which consists of the French alphabet and the blinking of Baubys left eye. (SS) As the therapist recited the alphabet Bauby would blink when heard the letter he wanted. (SS) At first he didnt want to cooperate saying things like â€Å"It won’t work, Leave me alone† and â€Å"I want to die†. (TS)Realizing he still had his brain and memories he finally excepts his fate and decides to make the best of it. (PS)Before his stroke he had a contract with a publisher to write a book. (SS) Bauby did not let his disability stop him from reaching this goal. (SS) He asks his therapist to call her and tell her that he was still able to fulfill the contract. (SS) Amazed the publisher sends Claude to take dictation of his book. (PS) This task was very tedious but he never gave up. (SS) It took over 200,000 blinks of his left eye to finish the book. (SS) Every morning he would wake up and memorize what was going to be dictated that day. (SS)Claude would then come in and write his dictation down in words. (SS) Four-teen months later the book was finished. The Diving Bell and The Butterfly is an episodic adventure of what Baubys life was like before and after his stroke. He recalls the time he spent with his children at the beach on Fathers Day, going on a trip to Lourdes with his girlfriend, and his memories of food and how they tasted. he described his current condition as feeling like he was trapped inside of a diving bell and the only way out was through his memories he referred to as the butterfly. Bauby lives just long enough to see his book published. Dying just two days after the French Publication. Research Papers on "The Diving Bell and the Butterfly"Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Fifth HorsemanQuebec and CanadaThe Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraLifes What IfsAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Comparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoTwilight of the UAWWhere Wild and West Meet

Should You Ever Apply to a College Before Visiting?

Visiting a college can tell you a lot about the school’s culture and whether you’ll fit in there. Many students visit every school on their preliminary list, but for some students, doing so may be difficult and costly. So, can you—and should you—ever apply to colleges before visiting? The biggest reason why a student might choose to wait to visit a college until after being admitted is the cost. Visits can be very expensive, especially when your list is long and contains many out-of-state colleges. You could also be wasting time on the wrong schools . This is, of course, why you should make sure to research each school before you visit. If you visit after being admitted, you know that you have the option of attending that school. If you perform thorough research, you can probably gather together enough information through means other than visiting. Make sure to talk to plenty of current or former students, look online, peruse forum, and research through other vehicles. Learn how to research schools in Can’t Do a College Visit? Here’s How to Review Colleges Online . Also, keep in mind that your college list will be shorter—and therefore less expensive and time-consuming to tackle—after you’ve been admitted. This means you can truly make the most of each experience by talking to professors, sitting in on classes, and experience the college firsthand . You’ll likely have a more meaningful experience after you’ve been accepted as well. Often, colleges offer experiences such as overnight visits to admitted students, but not all prospective students. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. On the other hand, it can be hard to gauge your fit with a college and determine whether you can truly see yourself at a school without seeing firsthand. If you wait to visit, you might end up applying to schools that aren’t a good fit. Furthermore, colleges want to see you demonstrate interest . You need to show that there’s a high likelihood that you’ll attend the college if admitted. This is important for yield, the ratio of students who attend to all those admitted. If you can’t visit, you’ll need to demonstrate interest in other ways, such as attending college fairs and talking to admissions representatives. You also won’t be able to get a sense of the surroundings of the college in question. In addition to the layout of the campus , a college visit should take into account the surrounding town, conversations with students and professors, and other aspects aside of the school aside from campus tours and orientations. Finally, it might be overwhelming to leave all your visits until after acceptance. Visiting earlier allows you to spread out your visits over months and even years and enables you to narrow down your list earlier. If you wait, you’ll need to pack in several visits in a short span of time. There are some other factors to take into account when deciding when to visit colleges including: Fly-in programs allow a small number  of diverse, high-achieving students to visit campuses. Colleges pay for their expenses, including airfare, room, and board. Some schools , such as Columbia University, enable qualified students to do so before they’re even admitted. If you don’t visit before applying, make sure you visit each school thoroughly. Some research vehicles include eCampus Tours , which allow you to explore colleges virtually, and the College Board’s Big Future , which helps you organize your college planning. Remember to talk to current and former students, go to college fairs, and speak to admissions representatives as well. Ultimately, it depends. Carefully weigh the pros and cons of your decision. Have you looked into all your options? Have you researched each school carefully? Do you have a good idea of your fit with each college? Are you able to connect with students at the colleges? How are you demonstrating your interest in the colleges on your list? These are considerations you should take into account when making your decision. Whether you decide to visit before applying or not, do make sure to visit a college before committing to attending it, because you need to make sure it’s a place where you can truly see yourself. Looking for help with your college applications? Check out our College Application Guidance Program . When you sign up for our program, we carefully pair you with the perfect admissions specialist based on your current academic and extracurricular profile and the schools in which you’re interested. Your personal application specialist will help you with branding, essays, and interviews, and provide you with support and guidance in all other aspects of the application process.

Business Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Growth - Essay Example For an investor, growth is an investment style which looks for stocks with high earnings and revenue growth. Business growth can also be understood as any firm generating essential positive cash earnings or flows and that flow increases at faster rate than the general economy. Definitions and Business Platform The term platform is used in various different situations. Earlier the term platform was used as a synonym of operating system. However, today it has a wider meaning and is used to describe variety of situations. Business platform is a method which creates an environment of integration to accelerate approach of operation towards partners and customers. The business platform reduces the gap between the operations, partners and customers and brings them closer. Reducing the gap between these three important elements enables the business to perform efficiently and properly which leads to reduce cost of production and increase customer satisfaction. For growth of any type of busine ss customer satisfaction is very important and essential as today’s economy is a customer oriented economy ands not product oriented (Zook, & Allen, 2001) . The business platform not only brings these three vital elements closer but also finds efficiencies and unlocks innovations from every part of the business. Business platforms have number of characteristics in common. Platforms are open to everyone and can be put up easily. Even though, platforms can be commercial or non commercial no one needs to take permission or pay money before building up a business platform. Platforms magnetize builder’s community, in order to increase these communities; these communities should be taken care of and managed properly. Building community helps in building the business more efficiently as because of the community one get help of suppliers, customers and partners. It removes barriers and makes flow efficient by giving the option of self-service access. Platforms do not different iate between large and small builders. Some platforms allow participation of small builders in the competition and these businesses sometimes even disturb present businesses. It is a two way contract between builders, who utilizes the platform and the platform provider, who offers the platform services to builders. Sometimes it has been seen that platform assist unexpected conclusions. Platform is a good thing when managed properly. We experienced in our project that platforms are very important to make people aware of our product. Platforms can be easily understood as Marketing. For our project we took help of different platforms like we announce about our project in mosque, stick posters on the walls of mosque, send direct marketing emails and text friend to pass this message. Below given are the stages, which a business goes through It has been observed that fast growing companies are disordered places to work. With the expansion of work and business, things or strategies which h ad worked well in past, start weakening and add no help. People and teams get flooded with workload and with the expansion of business, same managers who were very efficient earlier start committing mistakes with their expand area of control. Because of increase work load systems start collapsing (Burke, & Barrow, 2008). Growth is pleasure when everything goes right however it is even more stressful when things happen incorrectly. Apart from this,

Organizational behavior Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Organizational behavior - Term Paper Example It has been argued that one of the consequences of this shift in responsibility is increased job insecurity, which resulted in a decline in feelings of organizational commitment (Knudsen, Aaron, Martin, & Roman, 2003). Job insecurity has also changed the psychological contract and influenced the employment relationship. Loughlin and Barling (2001) made the case that the notion of a 'job for life' has been replaced with a 'survival of the fittest' as downsizing has forced employees become more employable. As a result, younger workers who have seen their parents being laid off will be more demanding and less willing to make sacrifices for the sake of their jobs. Organizations may assume that certain rules of the old employee-organization relationship still apply, leading them to make missteps in communication, recognition, and reward. Likewise, individual employees may assume that their employer knows what motivates them, when in fact the employer may not know, or may be operating unde r out-dated assumptions. In short, psychological contracts and the employment relationship are changing. Review of Literature The Promise The psychological state of an individual can inherently influence his or her behavior as much as the physical state. Because we do not operate in a vacuum, it is important to understand that our behavior and attitudes are subject to alteration because of outside influences. When these external factors project behaviors that one may categorize as controversial, ones psychological dimensions can quickly become dislodged. Generally, our relationships lead us to believe that a promise is a promise. Our interactions with those we trust teach us to expect that these promises will be fulfilled. When the promises are maintained, the psychological state remains intact. On the other-hand, if deceitful behavior, broken promises, and misconceptions of truth are demonstrated, the individual may ultimately feel vulnerable, betrayed, and unhappy. Rousseau (1995) highlights two kinds of promises; warranties and communications of future intent. She further sub-categorizes these promises into four distinctive types. Idle promises are usually not taken literally by the receiver. Credible promises are defined as believable promises as perceived by the receiver. Unattended promises are those that unintentionally fall through and relied upon promises are those promises that the recipient places value upon and expects to happen. Although promises are subject to limitation, it is still necessary to understand the mechanism behind them. This makes it all the more important to advance research on the psychological aspects of the employee employer relationship. Organizational behavior researchers frequently study the relationship between individuals, groups, and the affect their behavior has on the organization. One of the most recent concepts included in the literature revolves around the psychological contract. It is important to examine this contra ct because the foundation of the contract is based on promises. The promises within the contract offer direction for the both the employee and the employer. The Evolution of the Psychological Contract The decline in unionization throughout the country has reduced the number of employees affected by formal, written contracts of employment (Rousseau, 1990). This in turn

Convergence in Technology Essay -- Essays Papers

Convergence in Technology The concept of a â€Å"global village† or a united community around the world has only in these last few years become a concept widely thought of. However, it seems that the idea of a large-scale sharing of information has long been developing, whether intended or not. The tools of communication have long served a single purpose, that of transmitting information from people to people. Direct communication was long ago realised with sign language and speech, but when people spread out, a kind indirect communication was needed. Thus we created (or rather, hired) the messenger. (Necessity is the mother of invention.) This evolved later into a postal service, connected around the world by a network of synchronised offices of a similar nature. For a long time, indirect communication was the only way to communicate over long distances. Once the telegraph came along, however, people were able to instantly communicate information over long distances. This evolved somewhat into the telephone, which spawned the radio and television. As these were developed, the efficiency and clarity of these transmissions improved, and this allowed the world to know what was happening anywhere else in the world at any given time. At this same time, programmable computers were finally coming to be used. Information was input to these machines and stored on tapes that could be put onto different computers to be run. This paralleled postal mail in a form of indirect communication. However, computers were also already based in intercommunication, because computers are systems of smaller functioning devices connected to perform a function or process. The evolution of computers’ communicating then evolved by extending direct connections between these large systems, sharing information. With the invention of the modem, computers could communicate piggybacking a system that people already used. As the modem developed, communications speeds increased. The state of convergence began when people were communicating increased types of information through these computers. First program data, statistics, stock market quotes, news, specific interest information, and finally personal information. Computers became a method of communication within themselves. The increased usage of modems for things like e-mail and on-line forums came about even... ... to use our computer, connected through the internet via our TV cable outlet and displayed on our High-Definition TV, to watch a â€Å"TV show† broadcast via the internet. The ultimate point of convergence I envision for the future is a single fibre-optic cable in our homes (perhaps brought to us by ShawTel?) as a conduit to what we know now as the Internet. Fad appliances like WebTV will be eliminated due to their inadequateness and will be replaced by integrated systems within a household. They will provide for our entertainment needs with interactive broadcast programs, news reports of only the stories or areas we request, and communication via a video and audio connection to anyone, anywhere in the world. This battle for supremacy over who will control the future of communication will be fought largely between the telecommunications companies and the Cable TV companies. Perhaps mergers will be sought, or some companies will be run out of business because of their inability to keep up. Millions of dollars will be lost and billions will be made, but the end product will create a closely-knit global community, able to communicate instantly regardless of language or location.

C# Step by Step Codes

SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Microsoft Visual Studio C#. NET Step By Step 1 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Introduction Microsoft Visual C# is a powerful but simple language aimed primarily at developers creating applications by using the Microsoft . NET Framework. It inherits many of the best features of C++ and Microsoft Visual Basic, but few of the inconsistencies and anachronisms, resulting in a cleaner and more logical language. The advent of C# 2. 0 has seen several important new features added to the language, including Generics, Iterators, and anonymous methods.The development environment provided by Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 makes these powerful features easy to use, and the many new wizards and enhancements included in Visual Studio 2005 can greatly improve your productivity as a developer. The aim of this book is to teach you the fundamentals of programming with C# by using Visual Studio 2005 and the . NET Framework. You will learn the features of the C# language, and then use them to build applications running on the Microsoft Windows operating system.By the time you complete this book, you will have a thorough understanding of C# and will have used it to build Windows Forms applications, access Microsoft SQL Server databases, develop ASP. NET Web applications, and build and consume a Web service. Part I Introducing Microsoft Visual C# and Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 Chapter 1 Welcome to C# After completing this chapter, you will be able to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Use the Visual Studio 2005 programming environment. Create a C# console application. Use namespaces. Create a C# Windows Forms application. Microsoft Visual C# is Microsoft's powerful, component-oriented language.C# plays an important role in the architecture of the Microsoft . NET Framework, and some people have drawn comparisons to the role that C played in the development of UNIX. If you already know a language such as C, C++, or Java, you'll find the syntax of C# reassuringly fami liar because it uses the same curly brackets to delimit blocks of code. However, if you are used to programming in other languages, you should soon be able to pick up the syntax and feel of C#; you just need to learn to put the curly brackets and semi-colons in the right place. Hopefully this is just the book to help you!In Part I, you'll learn the fundamentals of C#. You'll discover how to declare variables and how to use operators such as plus (+) and minus (-) to create values. You'll see how to write methods and pass arguments to methods. You'll also learn how to use selection statements such as if and iteration statements such as while. Finally, you'll understand how C# uses exceptions to handle errors in a graceful, easy-to-use manner. These topics form the core of C#, and from this solid foundation, you'll progress to more advanced features in Part II through Part VI. 2 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEPBeginning Programming with the Visual Studio 2005 Environment Visual Studio 2005 i s a tool-rich programming environment containing all the functionality you'll need to create large or small C# projects. You can even create projects that seamlessly combine modules from different languages. In the first exercise, you'll start the Visual Studio 2005 programming environment and learn how to create a console application. Create a console application in Visual Studio 2005 1. In Microsoft Windows, click the Start button, point to All Programs, and then point to Microsoft Visual Studio 2005. 2.Click the Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 icon. Visual Studio 2005 starts. NOTE If this is the first time that you have run Visual Studio 2005, you might see a dialog box prompting you to choose your default development environment settings. Visual Studio 2005 can tailor itself according your preferred development language. The various dialog boxes and tools in the integrated development environment (IDE) will have their default selections set for the language you 3 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP choose. Select Visual C# Development Settings from the list, and then click the Start Visual Studio button.After a short delay, the Visual Studio 2005 IDE appears. 3. On the File menu, point to New, and then click Project. The New Project dialog box opens. This dialog box allows you to create a new project using various templates, such as Windows Application, Class Library, and Console Application, that specify the type of application you want to create. NOTE The actual templates available depend on the version of Visual Studio 2005 you are using. It is also possible to define new project templates, but that is beyond the scope of this book. 4.In the Templates pane, click the Console Application icon. 5. In the Location field, type C:Documents and SettingsYourNameMy DocumentsMicrosoft PressVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1. Replace the text YourName in this path with your Windows user name. To save a bit of space throughout the rest of this book, we will simply refer to th e path â€Å"C:Documents and SettingsYourNameMy Documents† as your â€Å"My Documents† folder. 4 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP NOTE If the folder you specify does not exist, Visual Studio 2005 creates it for you. 6. In the Name field, type TextHello. . Ensure that the Create Directory for Solution check box is checked and then click OK. The new project opens. The menu bar at the top of the screen provides access to the features you'll use in the programming environment. You can use the keyboard or the mouse to access the menus and commands exactly as you can in all Windows-based programs. The toolbar is located beneath the menu bar and provides button shortcuts to run the most frequently used commands. The Code and Text Editor window occupying the main part of the IDE displays the contents of source files.In a multi-file project, each source file has its own tab labeled with the name of the source file. You can click the tab once to bring the named source file to the foreg round in the Code and Text Editor window. The Solution Explorer displays the names of the files associated with the project, among other items. You can also double-click a file name in the Solution Explorer to bring that source file to the foreground in the Code and Text Editor window. 5 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Before writing the code, examine the files listed in the Solution Explorer, which Visual Studio 2005 has created as part of your project: Solution ‘TextHello' This is the top-level solution file, of which there is one per application. If you use Windows Explorer to look at your My DocumentsVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1TextHello folder, you'll see that the actual name of this file is TextHello. sln. Each solution file contains references to one or more project files. †¢ TextHello This is the C# project file. Each project file references one or more files containing the source code and other items for the project. All the source code in a single project must be written in the same programming language.In Windows Explorer, this file is actually called TextHello. csproj, and it is stored in your My DocumentsVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1TextHelloTextHello folder. †¢ Properties This is a folder in the TextHello project. If you expand it, you will see that it contains a file called AssemblyInfo. cs. AssemblyInfo. cs is a special file that you can use to add attributes to a program, such as the name of the author, the date the program was written, and so on. There are additional attributes that you can use to modify the way in which the program will run.These attributes are outside the scope of this book. †¢ References This is a folder that contains references to compiled code that your application can use. When code is compiled, it is converted into an assembly and given a unique name. Developers use assemblies to package up useful bits of code that they have written for distribution to other developers that might want to use them in their applications. Many of the features that you will be using when writing applications using this book will make use of assemblies provided by Microsoft with Visual Studio 2005. †¢ Program. csThis is a C# source file, and is the one displayed in the Code and Text Editor window when the project is first created. You will write your code in this file. It contains some code that Visual Studio 2005 provides automatically, which you will examine shortly. Writing Your First Program The Program. cs file defines a class called Program that contains a method called Main. All methods must be defined inside a class. The Main method is special—it designates the program's entry point. It must be a static method. (Methods are discussed in 6 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Chapter 3, â€Å"Writing Methods and Applying Scope. Static methods are discussed in Chapter 7, â€Å"Creating and Managing Classes and Objects. † The Main method is discussed in Chapter 11, â€Å"Unde rstanding Parameter Arrays. †) IMPORTANT C# is a case-sensitive language. You must spell Main with a capital M. In the following exercises, you'll write the code to display the message Hello World in the console; you'll build and run your Hello World console application; you'll learn how namespaces are used to partition code elements. Write the code using IntelliSense technology 1. In the Code and Text Editor window displaying the Program. s file, place the cursor in the Main method after the opening brace, and type Console. As you type the letter C at the start of the word Console an IntelliSense list appears. This list contains all of the valid C# keywords and data types that are valid in this context. You can either continue typing, or scroll through the list and double-click the Console item with the mouse. Alternatively, after you have typed Con, the Intellisense list will automatically home in on the Console item and you can press the Tab, Enter, or Spacebar key to selec t it. Main should look like this: static void Main(string[] args) Console } NOTE Console is a built-in class that contains the methods for displaying messages on the screen and getting input from the keyboard. 2. Type a period immediately after Console. Another Intellisense list appears displaying the methods, properties, and fields of the Console class. 3. Scroll down through the list until WriteLine is selected, and then press Enter. Alternatively, you can continue typing until WriteLine is selected and then press Enter. The IntelliSense list closes, and the WriteLine method is added to the source file. Main should now look like this: static void Main(string[] args) Console. WriteLine } 4. Type an open parenthesis. Another IntelliSense tip appears. This tip displays the parameters of the WriteLine method. In fact, WriteLine is an overloaded method, meaning that Console contains more than one method named Write Line. Each version of the WriteLine method can be used to output differ ent 7 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP types of data. (Overloaded methods are discussed in Chapter 3. ) Main should now look like this: static void Main(string[] args) { Console. WriteLine( } You can click the tip's up and down arrows to scroll through the overloaded versions of WriteLine. . Type a close parenthesis, followed by a semicolon. Main should now look like this: static void Main(string[] args) { Console. WriteLine(); } 6. Type the string â€Å"Hello World† between the left and right parentheses. Main should now look like this: static void Main(string[] args) { Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Hello World†); } TIP Get into the habit of typing matched character pairs, such as ( and ) and { and }, before filling in their contents. It's easy to forget the closing character if you wait until after you've entered the contents. 8 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP NOTEYou will frequently see lines of code containing two forward slashes followed by ordinary text. These are comments. They a re ignored by the compiler, but are very useful for developers because they help document what a program is actually doing. For example: Console. ReadLine(); // Wait for the user to press the Enter key All text from the two slashes to the end of the line will be skipped by the compiler. You can also add multi-line comments starting with /*. The compiler will skip everything until it finds a */ sequence, which could be many lines lower down.You are actively encouraged to document your code with as many comments as necessary. Build and run the console application 1. On the Build menu, click Build Solution. This action causes the C# code to be compiled, resulting in a program that you can run. The Output windows appears below the Code and Text Editor window. a. TIP If the Output window does not appear, click the View menu, and then click Output to display it. b. In the Output window, messages similar to the following show how the program is being compiled and display the details of any errors that have 9 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP occurred.In this case there should be no errors or warnings, and the program should build successfully: c. —— Build started: Project: TextHello, Configuration: Debug Any CPU —d. Csc. exe /config /nowarn:†1701;1702†³ /errorreport: prompt /warn:4 †¦ e. Compile complete –- 0 errors, 0 warnings f. TextHello -> C:Documents and SettingsJohnMy DocumentsMicrosoft Press†¦ g. ============ Build: 1 succeeded or up-to-date, 0 failed, 0 skipped ======== h. NOTE An asterisk after the file name in the tab above the Code and Text Editor window indicates that the file has been changed since it was last saved.There is no need to manually save the file before building because the Build Solution command automatically saves the file. 2. On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. A Command window opens and the program runs. The message Hello World appears, and then the program waits for the user to press any key, as shown in the following graphic: 3. Ensure that the Command window displaying the program has the focus, and then press Enter. The Command window closes and you return to the Visual Studio 2005 programming environment. NOTE If you run the program using Start Debugging on the Debug menu, the pplication runs but the Command window closes immediately without waiting for you to press a key. 4. In the Solution Explorer, click the TextHello project (not the solution), and then click Show All Files button. Entries named bin and obj appear above the C# source filenames. These entries correspond directly to folders named bin and obj in the project folder (My DocumentsVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1TextHelloTextHello). These folders are created when you build your application, and they contain the executable version of the program and some other files. 10 SREEKANTHC# STEP BY STEP 5. 5. In the Solution Explorer, click the + to the left of the bin entry. Another folder named Deb ug appears. 6. 6. In the Solution Explorer, click the + to the left of the Debug entry. Three entries named TextHello. exe, TextHello. pdb, and TextHello. vshost. exe appear. The file TextHello. exe is the compiled program, and it is this file that runs when you click Start Without Debugging in the Debug menu. The other two files contain information that is used by Visual Studio 2005 if you run your program in Debug mode (when you click Start Debugging in the Debug menu).Command Line Compilation You can also compile your source files into an executable file manually by using the csc command-line C# compiler. You must first complete the following steps to set up your environment: 1. On the Windows Start menu, point to All Programs, point to Microsoft Visual Studio 2005, point to Visual Studio Tools, and click Visual Studio 2005 Command Prompt. A Command window opens, and the envionment variables PATH, LIB, and INCLUDE are configured to include the locations of the various . NET Frame work libraries and utilities. TIP You can also run the vcvarsall. at script, located in the C:Program FilesMicrosoft Visual Studio 8VC folder, if you want to configure the environment variables while running in an ordinary Command Prompt window. 2. In the Visual Studio 2005 Command Prompt window, type the following command to go to the My DocumentsMicrosoft PressVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1TextHelloTextHello project folder: 3. cd Documents and SettingsYourNameMy DocumentsMicrosoft PressVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 1TextHelloTextHello 4. Type the following command: csc /out:TextHello. exe Program. cs 11 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEPThis command creates the executable file TextHello. exe from the C# source file. If you don't use the /out command-line option, the executable file takes its name from the source file and is called Program. exe. 5. Run the program by typing the following command: TextHello The program should run exactly as before, except that you will not see the à ¢â‚¬Å"Press any key to continue† prompt. Using Namespaces The example you have seen so far is a very small program. However, small programs can soon grow into bigger programs. As a program grows, it creates two problems. First, more code is harder to understand and maintain than less code.Second, more code usually means more names; more named data, more named methods, and more named classes. As the number of names increases so does the likelihood of the project build failing because two or more names clash (especially when the program uses third-party libraries). In the past, programmers tried to solve the name-clashing problem by prefixing names with some sort of qualifier (or set of qualifiers). This solution is not a good one because it's not scalable; names become longer and you spend less time writing software and more time typing (there is a difference) and reading and re-reading incomprehensibly long names.Namespaces help solve this problem by creating a named container for other identifiers, such as classes. Two classes with the same name will not be confused with each other if they live in different namespaces. You can create a class named Greeting inside the namespace named TextHello, like this: namespace TextHello { class Greeting { †¦ } } You can then refer to the Greeting class as TextHello. Greeting in your own programs. If someone else also creates a Greeting class in a different namespace and installs it on your computer, your programs will still work as expected because they are using the TextHello.Greeting class. If you want to refer the new Greeting class, you must specify that you want the class from the new namespace. It is good practice to define all your classes in namespaces, and the Visual Studio 2005 environment follows this recommendation by using the name of your project as the toplevel namespace. The . NET Framework Software Developer Kit (SDK) also adheres to this recommendation; every class in the . NET Framework lives inside a namespace. For 12 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP example, the Console class lives inside the System namespace. This means that its fully qualified name is actually System.Console. Of course, if you had to write the fully qualified name of a class every time, it would be no better that just naming the class SystemConsole. Fortunately, you can solve this problem with a using directive. If you return to the TextHello program in Visual Studio 2005 and look at the file Program. cs in the Code and Text Editor window, you will notice the following statements: using System; using System. Collections. Generic; using System. Text; The using statement brings a namespace into scope, and you no longer have to explictly qualify objects with the namespace they belong to in the code that follows.The three namespaces shown contain classes that are used so often that Visual Studio 2005 automatically adds these using statements every time you create a new project. You can add further using direct ives to the top of a source file. The following exercise demonstrates the concept of namespaces further. Try longhand names 1. In the Code And Text Editor window, comment out the using directive at the top of Program. cs: //using System; 2. On the Build menu, click Build Solution. The build fails, and the Output pane displays the following error message twice (once for each use of the Console class):The name ‘Console' does not exist in the current context. 3. In the Output pane, double-click the error message. The identifier that caused the error is selected in the Program. cs source file. TIP The first error can affect the reliability of subsequent diagnostic messages. If your build has more than one diagnostic message, correct only the first one, ignore all the others, and then rebuild. This strategy works best if you keep your source files small and work iteratively, building frequently. 4. In the Code and Text Editor window, edit the Main method to use the fully qualified name System. Console.Main should look like this: static void Main(string[] args) { System. Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Hello World†); 13 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP } NOTE When you type System. , notice how the names of all the items in the System namespace are displayed by IntelliSense. 5. On the Build menu, click Build Solution. The build succeeds this time. If it doesn't, make sure Main is exactly as it appears in the preceding code, and then try building again. 6. Run the application to make sure it still works by clicking Start Without Debugging on the Debug menu. In the Solution Explorer, click the + to the left of the References entry.This displays the assemblies referenced by the Solution Explorer. An assembly is a library containing code written by other developers (such as the . NET Framework). In some cases, the classes in a namespace are stored in an assembly that has the same name (such as System), although this does not have to be the case—some assemblies hold more than one namespace. Whenever you use a namespace, you also need to make sure that you have referenced the assembly that contains the classes for that namespace; otherwise your program will not build (or run). Creating a Windows Forms ApplicationSo far you have used Visual Studio 2005 to create and run a basic Console application. The Visual Studio 2005 programming environment also contains everything you'll need to create graphical Windows applications. You can design the form-based user interface of a Windows application interactively by using the Visual Designer. Visual Studio 2005 then generates the program statements to implement the user interface you've designed. From this explanation, it follows that Visual Studio 2005 allows you to maintain two views of the application: the Design View and the Code View.The Code and Text Editor window (showing the program statements) doubles as the Design View window (allowing you to lay out your user interface), and you can switch bet ween the two views whenever you want. In the following set of exercises, you'll learn how to create a Windows program in Visual Studio 2005. This program will display a simple form containing a text box where you can enter your name and a button that, when clicked, displays a personalized greeting in a message box.You will use the Visual Designer to create your user interface by placing controls on a form; inspect the code generated by Visual Studio 2005; use the Visual Designer to change the control properties; use the Visual Designer to resize the form; write the code to respond to a button click; and run your first Windows program. Create a Windows project in Visual Studio 2005 1. On the File menu, point to New, and then click Project. The New Project dialog box opens. 2. In the Project Types pane, click Visual C#. 14 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP 3. In the Templates pane, click the Windows Application icon. . Ensure that the Location field refers to your My DocumentsVisual CSharp St ep by StepChapter 1 folder. 5. In the Name field, type WinFormHello. 6. In the Solutions field, ensure that Create new Solution is selected. This action creates a new solution for holding the Windows application. The alternative, Add to Solution, will add the project to the TextHello solution. 7. Click OK. Visual Studio 2005 closes your current application (prompting you to save it first of necessary) and creates and displays an empty Windows form in the Design View window.In the following exercise, you'll use the Visual Designer to add three controls to the Windows form and examine some of the C# code automatically generated by Visual Studio 2005 to implement these controls. Create the user interface 1. Click the Toolbox tab that appears to the left of the form in the Design View. The Toolbox appears, partially obscuring the form and displaying the various components and controls that you can place on a Windows form. 2. In the Toolbox, click the + sign by Common Controls to display a list of controls that are used by most Windows Forms applications. 15 SREEKANTHC# STEP BY STEP 3. Click Label, and then click the visible part of the form. A Label control is added to the form, and the Toolbox disappears from view. TIP If you want the Toolbox to remain visible but not hide any part of the form, click the Auto Hide button to the right in Toolbox title bar (it looks like a pin). The Toolbox appears permanently on the left side of the Visual Studio 2005 window, and the Design View shrinks to accommodate it. (You might lose a lot of space if you have a low-resolution screen. ) Clicking the Auto Hide button once more causes the Toolbox to disappear again. 4.The Label control on the form is probably not exactly where you want it. You can click and drag the controls you have added to a form to reposition them. Using this technique, move the Label control so that it is positioned towards the upper-left corner of the form. (The exact placement is not critical for this app lication. ) 5. On the View menu, click Properties Window. The Properties window appears on the right side of the screen. The Properties window allows you to set the properties for items in a project. It is context sensitive, in that it displays the properties for the currently selected item.If you click anywhere on the form displayed in the Design View, you will see that the Properties windows displays the properties for the form itself. If you click the Label control, the window displays the properties for the label instead. 6. Click the Label control on the form. In the Properties window, locate the Text property, change it from label1 to Enter your name, and then press Enter. On the form, the label's text changes to Enter Your Name. TIP By default, the properties are displayed in categories. If you prefer to display the properties in alphabetical order, click the Alphabetical button that appears above the properties list. . Display the Toolbox again. Click TextBox, and then click the form. A TextBox control is added to the form. Move the TextBox control so that it is directly underneath the Label control. TIP When you drag a control on a form, alignment handles appear automatically when the control becomes aligned vertically or horizontally with other controls. This give you a quick visual cue for making sure that controls are lined up neatly. 8. While the TextBox control is selected, locate the Text property in the Properties window, type here, and then press Enter. On the form, the word here appears in the text box. 9.In the Properties window, find the (Name) property. Visual Studio 2005 gives controls and forms default names, which, although they are a good starting point, are not always very meaningful. Change the name of the TextBox control to userName. 16 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP NOTE We will talk more about naming conventions for controls and variables in Chapter 2, â€Å"Working with Variables, Operators, and Expressions. † 10. Display the T oolbox again, click Button, and then click the form. Drag the Button control to the right of the TextBox control on the form so that it is aligned horizontally with the text box. 11.Using the Properties window, change the Text property of the Button control to OK. Change its (Name) property to ok. The caption on the button changes. 12. Click the Form1 form in the Design View window. Notice that resize handles (small squares) appear on the lower edge, the right-hand edge, and the righthand bottom corner of the form. 13. Move the mouse pointer over the resize handle. The pointer changes to a diagonal double-headed arrow. 14. Hold down the left mouse button, and drag the pointer to resize the form. Stop dragging and release the mouse button when the spacing around the controls is roughly equal.TIP You can resize many controls on a form by selecting the control and dragging one of the resize handles that appears in the corners of the control. Note that a form has only one resize handle, whereas most controls have four (one on each corner). On a form, any resize handles other than the one in the lower-right corner would be superfluous. Also note that some controls, such as Label controls, are automatically sized based on their contents and cannot be resized by dragging them. The form should now look similar to the one in the following graphic. 1. In the Solution Explorer, right-click the file Form1. s, and then click View Code. The Form1. cs source file appears in the Code and Text Editor window. There are now two tabs named Form1. cs above the Code and Text Editor/Design View window. You can click the one suffixed with [Design] to return to Design View window at any time. Form1. cs contains some of the code automatically generated by Visual Studio 2005. You should note the following elements: 17 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP o using directives Visual Studio 2005 has written a number of using directives at the top of the source file (more than for the previous example) . For example: using System. Windows. Forms;The additional namespaces contain the classes and controls used when building graphical applications—for example, the TextBox, Label, and Button classes. o The namespace Visual Studio 2005 has used the name of the project as the name of the toplevel namespace: namespace WinFormHello { †¦ } o A class Visual Studio 2005 has written a class called Form1 inside the WinForm Hello namespace: namespace WinFormHello { partial class Form1 †¦ { †¦ } } NOTE For the time being, ignore the partial keyword in this class. I will describe its purpose shortly. This class implements the form you created in the Design View. Classes are discussed in Chapter 7. ) There does not appear to be much else in this class—there is a little bit of code known as a constructor that calls a method called InitializeComponent, but nothing else. (A constructor is a special method with the same name as the class. It is executed when the form is cr eated and can contain code to initialize the form. Constructors are also discussed in Chapter 7. ) However, Visual Studio 2005 is performing a sleight of hand and is hiding a few things from you, as I will now demonstrate. In a Windows Forms application, Visual Studio 2005 actually generates a potentially large amount of code.This code performs operations such as 18 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP creating and displaying the form when the application starts, and creating and positioning the various controls on the form. However, this code can change as you add controls to a form and change their properties. You are not expected to change this code (indeed, any changes you make are likely to be overwritten the next time you edit the form in the Design View), so Visual Studio 2005 hides it from you. To display the hidden code, return to the Solution Explorer, and click the Show All Files button.The bin and obj folders appear, much as they did with the Console application you developed in th e first part of this chapter. However, notice that Form1. cs now has a + sign next to it. If you click this + sign, you see a file called Form1. Designer. cs, and a file called Form1. resx. Double-click the file Form1. Designer. cs to display its contents in the Code and Text Editor window. You will see the remaining code for the Form1 class in this file. C# allows you to split the code for a class across multiple source files, as long as each part of the class is marked with the partial keyword.This file includes a region labelled Windows Form Designer generated code. Expanding this region by clicking the + sign reveals the code created and maintained by Visual Studio 2005 when you edit a form using the Design View window. The actual contents of this file include: o The InitializeComponent method This method is mentioned in the file Form1. cs. The statements inside this method set the properties of the controls you added to the form in the Design View. (Methods are discussed in Cha pter 3. ) Some of the statements in this method that correspond to the actions you performed using the Properties window are shown below: .. private void InitializeComponent() { this. label1 = new System. Windows. Forms. Label(); this. userName = new System. Windows. Forms. TextBox(); this. ok = new System. Windows. Forms. Button(); †¦ this. label1. Text = â€Å"Enter your name†; †¦ this. userName. Text = â€Å"here†; †¦ this. ok. Text = â€Å"OK†; †¦ } †¦ o Three fields Visual Studio 2005 has created three fields inside the Form1 class. These fields appear near the end of the file: private System. Windows. Forms. Label label1; 19 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP private System. Windows. Forms. TextBox userName; private System. Windows. Forms. Button ok; .. These fields implement the three controls you added to the form in Design View. (Fields are discussed in Chapter 7. ) It is worth restating that although this file is interesting to look at, you should never edit its contents yourself. Visual Studio 2005 automatically updates this file when you make changes in the Design View. Any code that you need to write yourself should be placed in the Form1. cs file. At this point you might well be wondering where the Main method is and how the form gets displayed when the application runs; remember that Main defines the point at which the program starts.In the Solution Explorer, you should notice another source file called Program. cs. If you double-click this file the following code appears in the Code and Text Editor window: namespace WinFormHello { static class Program { /// /// The main entry point for the application. /// [STAThread] static void Main() { Application. EnableVisualStyles(); Application. Run(new Form1()); } } } You can ignore most of this code. However, the key statement is: Application. Run(new Form1()); This statement creates the form and displays it, whereupon the form takes over. In the following exercise, you'll learn how to add code that runs when he OK button on the form is clicked. Write the code for the OK button 1. Click the Form1. cs[Design] tab above the Code and Text Editor window to display Form1 in the Design View. 2. Move the mouse pointer over the OK button on the form, and then double-click the button. The Form1. cs source file appears in the Code and Text Editor window. Visual Studio 2005 has added a method called ok_Click to the Form1 class. (It has also added a statement to the InitializeComponent method in the Form1. Designer. cs file to automatically call ok_Click when the OK button is 20 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP clicked.It does this by using a delegate type; delegates are discussed in Chapter 16, â€Å"Delegates and Events. †) 3. Type the MessageBox statement shown below inside the ok_Click method. The complete method should look like this: 4. private void ok_Click(object sender, System. EventArgs e) 5. { 6. MessageBox. Show(â€Å"Hello † + userName . Text); } Make sure you have typed this code exactly as shown, including the trailing semicolon. You're now ready to run your first Windows program. Run the Windows program 1. On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. Visual Studio 2005 saves your work, compiles your program, and runs it.The Windows form appears: 2. Enter your name, and then click OK. A message box appears welcoming you by name. 3. Click OK in the message box. The message box closes. 4. In the Form1 window, click the Close button (the X in the upper-right corner of the form). The Form1 window closes. †¢ If you want to continue to the next chapter Keep Visual Studio 2005 running, and turn to Chapter 2. †¢ If you want to exit Visual Studio 2005 now On the File menu, click Exit. If you see a Save dialog box, click Yes to save your work. Chapter 1 Quick Reference TO Do this KeyCombination 21 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Create a onsole application new On the File menu, point to New, and then click Projec t to open the New Project dialog box. For the project type, select Visual C#. For the template, select Console Application. Select a directory for the project files in the Location box. Choose a name for the project. Click OK. Create a Windows application new On the File menu, point to New, and then click Project to open the New Project dialog box. For the project type, select Visual C#. For the template, select Windows Application. Select a directory for the project files in the location box. Choose a name for the project.Click OK. Build application F6 the On the Build menu, click Build Solution. Ctrl+F5 Chapter 2 Working with Variables, Operators, and Expressions After completing this chapter, you will be able to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Understand statements, identifiers, and keywords. Use variables to store information. Work with primitive data types. Use arithmetic operators such as the plus sign (+) and the minus sign (–). Increment and decrement variabl es. In Chapter 1, â€Å"Welcome to C#,† you learned how to use the Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 programming environment to build and run a console program and a Windows Forms application.In this chapter, you'll be introduced to the elements of Microsoft Visual C# syntax and semantics, including statements, keywords, and identifiers. You'll study the primitive types that are built into the C# language and the characteristics of the values that each type holds. You'll also see how to declare and use local variables (variables that exist only within a function or other small section of code), learn about the arithmetic operators that C# provides, learn how to use operators to manipulate values, and learn how to control expressions containing two or more operators. Understanding StatementsA statement is a command that performs an action. Statements are found inside methods. You'll learn more about methods in Chapter 3, â€Å"Writing Methods and Applying Scope,† but for now , think of a method as a named sequence of statements inside a class. Main, which was introduced in the previous chapter, is an example of a method. Statements in C# must follow a well-defined set of rules. These rules are collectively known as syntax. (In contrast, the specification of what statements do is collectively known as semantics. ) One of the simplest and most important C# syntax rules states 22 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP hat you must terminate all statements with a semicolon. For example, without its terminating semicolon, the following statement won't compile: Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Hello World†); TIP C# is a â€Å"free format† language, which means that white space, such as a space character or a new line, is not significant except as a separator. In other words, you are free to lay out your statements in any style you choose. A simple, consistent layout style makes a program easier to read and understand. The trick to programming well in any language is learning its syntax and semantics and then using the language in a natural and idiomatic way.This approach makes your programs readable and easy to modify. In the chapters throughout this book, you'll see examples of the most important C# statements. Using Identifiers Identifiers are the names you use to identify the elements in your programs. In C#, you must adhere to the following syntax rules when choosing identifiers: †¢ †¢ You can use only letters (uppercase and lowercase), digits, and underscore characters. An identifier must start with a letter (an underscore is considered a letter). For example, result, _score, footballTeam, and plan9 are all valid identifiers, whereas result%, footballTeam$, and 9plan are not.IMPORTANT C# is a case-sensitive language: footballTeam and FootballTeam are not the same identifier. Identifying Keywords The C# language reserves 77 identifiers for its own use, and you should not reuse these identifiers for your own purposes. These identi fiers are called keywords, and each has a particular meaning. Examples of keywords are class, namespace, and using. You'll learn the meaning of most of the keywords as you proceed through this book. The keywords are listed in the following table. abstract break char continue do event finally foreach in is as byte checked decimal double explicit fixed goto int ock base case class default else extern float if interface long 23 bool catch const delegate enum false for implicit internal namespace SREEKANTH new out protected return sizeof struct true ulong using while C# STEP BY STEP null override public sbyte stackalloc switch try unchecked virtual object params readonly sealed static this typeof unsafe void operator private ref short string throw uint ushort volatile TIP In the Visual Studio 2005 Code and Text Editor window, keywords are colored blue when you type them. TIP In the Visual Studio 2005 Code and Text Editor window, keywords are colored blue when you type them.Using Variabl es A variable is a storage location that holds a value. You can think of a variable as a box holding temporary information. You must give each variable in a program a unique name. You use a variable's name to refer to the value it holds. For example, if you want to store the value of the cost of an item in a store, you might create a variable simply called cost, and store the item's cost in this variable. Later on, if you refer to the cost variable, the value retrieved will be the item's cost that you put there earlier. Naming VariablesYou should adopt a naming convention for variables that help you avoid confusion concerning the variables you have defined. The following list contains some general recommendations: †¢ †¢ Don't use underscores. Don't create identifiers that differ only by case. For example, do not create one variable named myVariable and another named MyVariable for use at the same time, because it is too easy to get them confused. NOTE Using identifiers tha t differ only by case can limit the ability to reuse classes in applications developed using other languages that are not case sensitive, such as Visual Basic. †¢ †¢ †¢ Start the name with a lowercase letter.In a multiword identifier, start the second and each subsequent word with an uppercase letter. (This is called camelCase notation. ) Don't use Hungarian notation. (Microsoft Visual C++ developers reading this book are probably familiar with Hungarian notation. If you don't know what Hungarian notation is, don't worry about it! ) 24 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP IMPORTANT You should treat the first two recommendations as compulsory because they relate to Common Language Specification (CLS) compliance. If you want to write programs that can interoperate with other languages, such as Microsoft Visual Basic .NET, you need to comply with these recommendations. For example, score, footballTeam, _score, and FootballTeam are all valid variable names, but only the first two ar e recommended. Declaring Variables Remember that variables are like boxes in memory that can hold a value. C# has many different types of values that it can store and process—integers, floating-point numbers, and strings of characters, to name three. When you declare a variable, you must specify what type of data it will hold. NOTE Microsoft Visual Basic programmers should note that C# does not allow implicit declarations.You must explicitly declare all variables before you can use them if you want your code to compile. You declare the type and name of a variable in a declaration statement. For example, the following statement declares that the variable named age holds int (integer) values. As always, the statement must be terminated with a semi-colon. int age; The variable type int is the name of one of the primitive C# types—integer which is a whole number. (You'll learn about several primitive data types later in this chapter. ) After you've declared your variable, you can assign it a value. The following statement assigns age the value 42.Again, you'll see that the semicolon is required. age = 42; The equal sign (=) is the assignment operator, which assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. After this assignment, the age variable can be used in your code to refer to the value it holds. The next statement writes the value of the age variable, 42, to the console: Console. WriteLine(age); TIP If you leave the mouse pointer over a variable in the Visual Studio 2005 Code and Text Editor window, a ToolTip appears telling you the type of the variable. Working with Primitive Data Types C# has a number of built-in types called primitive data types.The following table lists the most commonly used primitive data types in C#, and the ranges of values that you can store in them. 25 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP Data type int Description Size (bits) *Range Sample usage Whole numbers 32 int count; count = 42; long Whole numbers (bigger range) 64 float Floating-point numbers 32 231 through 2311 263 through 2631  ±3. 4 ? 1038 double Double accurate) numbers decimal Monetary values 128 string Sequence of characters 16 bits per Not applicable character char Single character 16 bool Boolean 8 precision (more 64 floating-point  ±1. 7 ? 10308 28 significant igures long wait; wait = 42L; float away; away = 0. 42F; double trouble; trouble = 0. 42; decimal coin; coin = 0. 42M; string vest; vest = â€Å"42†; char grill; grill = ‘4'; 0 through 216 1 bool teeth; true or false teeth false; = *The value of 216 is 32,768; the value of 231 is 2,147,483,648; and the value of 263 is 9,223,372,036,854,775,808. Unassigned Local Variables When you declare a variable, it contains a random value until you assign a value to it. This behavior was a rich source of bugs in C and C++ programs that created a variable and used it as a source of information before giving it a value.C# does not allow you to use an unassigned variable. Y ou must assign a value to a variable before you can use it, otherwise your program will not compile. This requirement is called the Definite Assignment Rule. For example, the following statements will generate a compile-time error because age is unassigned: int age; Console. WriteLine(age); // compile time error Displaying Primitive Data Type Values In the following exercise, you'll use a C# program named PrimitiveDataTypes to demonstrate how several primitive data types work. Display primitive data type values 26SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP 1. Start Visual Studio 2005. 2. On the File menu, point to Open, and then click Project/Solution. The Open Project dialog box appears. 3. Move to the Microsoft PressVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 2PrimitiveDataTypes folder in your My Documents folder. Select the file PrimitiveDataTypes. sln and then click Open. The solution loads, and the PrimitiveDataTypes project. Solution Explorer displays the solution and NOTE Solution file names have the . sln suffix, such as PrimitiveDataTypes. sln. A solution can contain one or more projects.Project files have the . csproj suffix. If you open a project rather than a solution, Visual Studio 2005 will automatically create a new solution file for it. If you build the solution, Visual Studio 2005 automatically saves any updated or new files, and you will be prompted to provide a name and location for the new solution file. 4. On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. The following application window appears: 5. In the Choose A Data type list, click the string type. The value 42 appears in the Sample value box. 6. Click the int type in the list.The value to do appears in the Sample value box, indicating that the statements to display an int value still need to be written. 27 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP 7. Click each data type in the list. Confirm that the code for the double and bool types also needs to be completed. 8. Click Quit closing the window and stopping the program. Contro l returns to the Visual Studio 2005 programming environment. Use primitive data types in code 1. Right-click the Form1. cs file in the Solution Explorer and then click View Code. The Code and Text Editor window opens displaying the Form1. cs file. 2.In the Code and Text Editor window, find the show Float Value method listed here: private void showFloatValue() { float var; var = 0. 42F; value. Text = â€Å"0. 42F†; } TIP To locate an item in your project, point to Find And Replace on the Edit menu and click Quick Find. A dialog box opens asking what you want to search for. Type the name of the item you're looking for, and then click Find Next. By default, the search is not case-sensitive. If you want to perform a case-sensitive search, click the + button next to the Find Options label to display additional options, and check the Match Case check box.If you have time, you can experiment with the other options as well. You can also press Ctrl+F (press the Control key, and then p ress F) to display the Quick Find dialog box rather then usin g the Edit menu. Similarly, you can press Ctrl+H to display the Quick Find and Replace dialog box. The showFloatValue method runs when you click the float type in the list box. This method contains three statements: The first statement declares a variable named var of type float. The second statement assigns var the value 0. 42F. (The F is a type suffix specifying that 0. 2 should be treated as a float value. If you forget the F, the value 0. 42 will be treated as a double, and your program will not compile because you cannot assign a value of one type to a variable of a different type in this way. ) The third statement displays the value of this variable in the value TextBox on the form. This statement requires a little bit of your attention. The way in which you display an item in a TextBox is to set its Text property. You did this at 28 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP design time in Chapter 1 using the Properties window. Thi s statement shows ou how to perform the same task programmatically, using the expression value. Text. The data that you put in the Text property must be a string (a sequence of characters), and not a number. If you try and assign a number to the Text property your program will not compile. For this reason, the statement simply displays the text â€Å"0. 42F† in the TextBox (anything in double-quotes is text, otherwise known as a string). In a real-world application, you would add statements that convert the value of the variable var into a string and then put this into the Text property, but you need to know a little bit more about C# and the .NET Framework before we can do that (we will cover data type conversions in Chapter 11, â€Å"Understanding Parameter Arrays,† and Chapter 19, â€Å"Operator Overloading†). 3. In the Code and Text Editor window, locate the showIntValue method listed here: private void showIntValue() { value. Text = â€Å"to do†; } T he showIntValue method is called when you click the int type in the list box. TIP Another way to find a method in the Code and Text Editor window is to click the Members list that appears above the window, to the right. This window displays a list of all the methods (and other items).You can click the name of a member, and you will be taken directly to it in the Code and Text Editor window. 4. Type the following two statements at the start of the showIntValue method, after the open curly brace: int var; var = 42; The showIntValue method should now look like this: private void showIntValue() { int var; var = 42; value. Text = â€Å"to do†; } 5. On the Build menu, click Build Solution. a. The build will display some warnings, but no errors. You can ignore the warnings for now. 6. In the original statement, change the string â€Å"to do† to â€Å"42†. b. The method should now look exactly like this: 9 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP c. private void showIntValue() d. { i. int var; ii. var = 42; iii. value. Text = â€Å"42†; e. } 7. On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. f. The form appears again. g. TIP If you have edited the source code since the last build, the Start Without Debugging command automatically rebuilds the program before starting the application. 8. Select the int type in the list box. Confirm that the value 42 is displayed in the Sample value text box. 9. Click Quit to close the window and stop the program. 10. In the Code and Text Editor window, find the showDoubleValue method. 1. Edit the showDoubleValue method exactly as follows: private void showDoubleValue() { double var; var = 0. 42; value. Text = â€Å"0. 42†; } 12. In the Code and Text Editor window, locate the showBoolValue method. 13. Edit the showBoolValue method exactly as follows: private void showBoolValue() { bool var; var = false; value. Text = â€Å"false†; } 14. On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. The form appears. 15. I n the list, select the int, double, and bool types. In each case, verify that the correct value is displayed in the Sample value text box. 16. Click Quit to stop the program.Using Arithmetic Operators C# supports the regular arithmetic operations you learned in your childhood: the plus sign (+) for addition, the minus sign (–) for subtraction, the asterisk (*) for multiplication, and the forward slash (/) for division. These symbols (+, –, *, and /) are called operators as they â€Å"operate† on values to create new values. In the following 30 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP example, the variable moneyPaidToConsultant ends up holding the product of 750 (the daily rate) and 20 (the number of days the consultant was employed): long moneyPaidToConsultant; oneyPaidToConsultant = 750 * 20; NOTE The values that an operator operates on are called operands. In the expression 750 * 20, the * is the operator, and 750 and 20 are the operands. Determining an Operator's Values Not all operators are applicable to all data types, so whether you can use an operator on a value depends on the value's type. For example, you can use all the arithmetic operators on values of type char, int, long, float, double, or decimal. However, with one exception, you can't use the arithmetic operators on values of type string or bool.So the following statement is not allowed because the string type does not support the minus operator (subtracting one string from another would be meaningless): // compile time error Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Gillingham† – â€Å"Manchester City†); The exception is that the + operator can be used to concatenate string values. The following statement writes 431 (not 44) to the console: Console. WriteLine(â€Å"43† + â€Å"1†); TIP You can use the method Int32. Parse to convert a string value to an integer if you need to perform arithmetic computations on values held as strings.You should also be aware that the type of the result of an arithmetic operation depends on the type of the operands used. For example, the value of the expression 5. 0 / 2. 0 is 2. 5; the type of both operands is double (in C#, literal numbers with decimal points are always double, not float, in order to maintain as much accuracy as possible), and so the type of the result is also double. However, the value of the expression 5 / 2 is 2. In this case, the type of both operands is int, and so the type of the result is also int. C# always rounds values down in circumstances like this.The situation gets a little more complicated if you mix the types of the operands. For example, the expression 5 / 2. 0 consists of an int and a double. The C# compiler detects the mismatch and generates code that converts the int into a double before performing the operation. The result of the operation is therefore a double (2. 5). However, although this works, it is considered poor practice to mix types in this way. C# also supports one less -familiar arithmetic operator: the remainder, or modulus, operator, which is represented by the percent symbol (%). The result of x % y is the remainder after dividing x by y.For example, 9 % 2 is 1 since 9 divided by 2 is 8, remainder 1. NOTE In C and C++, you can't use the % operator on floating-point values, but you can use it in C#. Examining Arithmetic Operators 31 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP The following exercise demonstrates how to use the arithmetic operators on int values using a previously written C# program named MathsOperators. Work with arithmetic operators 1. On the File menu, point to Open, and then click Project/Solution. Open the MathsOperators project, located in the Microsoft PressVisual CSharp Step by StepChapter 2MathsOperators folder in your My Documents folder. . On the Debug menu, click Start Without Debugging. A form appears on the screen. 3. Type 54 in the left operand text box. 4. Type 13 in the right operand text box. You can now apply any of the operators to the values in the text boxes. 5. Click the – Subtraction option, and then click Calculate. The text in the Expression box changes to 54 – 13, and 41 appears in the Result box, as shown in the following graphic: 6. Click the / Division option, and then click Calculate. The text in the Expression text box changes to 54 / 13, and the number 4 appears in the Result box. In real life, 54 / 13 is 4. 53846 recurring, but this is not real life; this is C#! In C#, when you divide one integer by another integer, the answer you get back is an integer, as explained earlier. 32 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP 7. Select the % Remainder option, and then click Calculate. The text in the Expression text box changes to 54 % 13, and the number 2 appears in the Result box. This is because the remainder after dividing 54 by 13 is 2 (54 – ((54 / 13) * 13) is 2 if you do the arithmetic rounding down to an integer at each stage—my old maths master at school would be horrified to b e told that (54 / 13) * 13 does not equal 54! . 8. Practice with other combinations of numbers and operators. When you're finished, click Quit. The program stops, and you return to the Visual Studio 2005 programming environment. Now take a look at the MathsOperators program code. Examine the MathsOperators program code 1. Display the Form1 form in the Design View window (click the Form1. cs[Design] tab if necessary). TIP You can quickly switch between the Design View window and the Code and Text Editor displaying the code for a form by pressing the F7 key. 2. In the View menu, point to Other Windows and then click Document Outline.The Document Outline window appears showing the names and types of the controls on the form. If you click each of the controls on the form, the name of the control is highlighted in the Document Outline window. 33 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP IMPORTANT Be careful not to accidentally delete or change the names of any controls on the form while viewing them in the Document Outline window. The application will no longer work if you do. 3. Click the the two TextBox controls that the user types numbers into on the form. In the Document Outline window, verify that they are named lhsOperand and rhsOperand.When the form runs, the Text property of each of these controls holds (as strings) the numeric values you enter. 4. Towards the bottom of the form, verify that the TextBox control used to display the expression being evaluated is named expression, and that the TextBox control used to display the result of the calculation is named result. At runtime, setting the Text property of a TextBox control to a string value causes that value to be displayed. 5. Close the Document Outline window. 6. Press F7 to display the Form1. cs source file in the Code and Text Editor window. 7.In the Code and Text Editor window, locate the subtractValues method: private void subtractValues() { int lhs = int. Parse(lhsOperand. Text); int rhs = int. Parse(rhsOperand. Text); int outcome; outcome = lhs – rhs; expression. Text = lhsOperand. Text + † – † + rhsOperand. Text; result. Text = outcome. ToString(); } The first statement in this method declares an int variable called lhs and initializes it to the result of the explicit conversion of the lhsOperand. Text property to an int. (The Text property of a TextBox is a string, and must be converted to an integer before you can store it in an int. This is what the int.Parse method does) The second statement declares an int variable called rhs and initializes it to the result of the explicit conversion of the rhsOperand. Text property to an int. The third statement declares an int variable called outcome. The fourth statement subtracts the value of the rhs variable from the value of the lhs variable, and the result is assigned to outcome. The fifth statement concatenates three strings (using the + operator) and assigns the result to the expression. Text property. The sixth st atement converts the int value of outcome to a string by using the ToString method, and assigns the string to the result.Text property. 34 SREEKANTH C# STEP BY STEP The Text Property and the ToString Method I mentioned earlier that TextBox controls displayed on a form have a Text property that allows you to access the displayed contents. For example, the expression result. Text refers to the contents of the result text box on the form. Text boxes also have many other properties, such as the location and size of the text box on the form. You will learn more about properties in Chapter 14, â€Å"Implementing Properties to Access Attributes. † Every class has a ToString method.The purpose of ToString is to convert an object into its string representation. In the previous example, the ToString method of the integer object, outcome, is used to convert the integer value of outcome into the equivalent string value. This conversion is necessary because the value is displayed in the T ext property of the result field—the Text property can only contain strings. When you Controlling Precedence Precedence governs the order in which an expression's operators are evaluated. Consider the following expression, which uses the + and * operators: 2+3*4This expression is potentially ambiguous; does 3 bind to the + operator on its le